- Abstract—Seed of rambutan as a waste of products from the canned fruit industry and was extracted by supercritical carbon dioxide (ScCO 2 ) using CO 2 as a solvent, maceration and soxhlet extraction using ethanol as the solvent. - An optimization study of ScCO 2 extraction using response surface methodology was performed and 3D response surfaces were plotted from the mathematical models. - The optimal conditions based on combination responses were: pressure (X 1 ) at 34.8 MPa, temperature (X 2 ) at 56.7 o C, the amount of ethanol (X 3 ) in volume 14.5 ml. - These optimum conditions of percent oil yield of 30.38. - Therefore, it is considered that the ScCO 2 extraction is competitive with conventional extraction as shorter extracting times, high percent oil yield, less organic solvent and eco-environmental friendly. - The extracted oil could be used in the cosmetic and food industry.. - Index Terms—Rambutan seed, supercritical carbon dioxide extraction, fatty acid, response surface methodology.. - The rambutan canned fruit industry is well-established in Thailand and has become in the leading of producer and exporter of the fruit. - Meanwhile, rambutan seeds used as a natural sustainable source of fat and oil that “waste products”. - long time, a large amount of solvent or high temperature [7].. - Supercritical carbon dioxide (ScCO 2 ) extraction is one of novel technique which has received a great deal of attention.. - According to its operation, it is usually performed at low temperatures, costing short extraction time and a small amount of solvent [8], [9]. - Generally, addition of a small amount of a liquid polar modifier (methanol or ethanol) can significantly enhance extraction efficiency of flavonoids and phenolics [14]. - The response surface methodology (RSM) is defined as the experimental design using the statistic method that uses quantitative data from suitable experimental design to reduce number of experimental trials needed to evaluate multiples parameters and their interactions. - This work aimed to optimize the ScCO 2 extraction of oil from rambutan seed conditions, including temperature, pressure and the amount of ethanol as co-solvent using RSM. - The response variable examined the yields of oil. - The efficiency yield of the oil was also studied under different extraction methods.. - Rambutan seeds were taken from the canned fruit industry.. - Then, the rambutan seeds were ground into particles ranging from 0.2 to 1.2 mm in size by a hammer mill and being forced through a sieve.. - Extraction of Total Oil Using Maceration. - The rambutan seeds (20 g) were added to 150 ml of hexane for solid to solvent ratio of 1:15 in a 500 mL flask, respectively and mixed on a magnetic stirrer for 2,4,6 and 8 hours at room temperature (28 o C). - Optimization of ScCO 2 Extraction of Rambutan Seed Oil Using Response Surface Methodology. - Extraction of Total Oil Using SOXHLET. - Soxhlet extractions were carried out in triplicate using 20 g (dry weight) rambutan seed powder with 300 ml of 95%. - The extracted sample was evaporated and stored it in the refrigerator for analysis.. - Supercritical Carbon Dioxide (ScCO 2 ) Extraction Using Various Conditions. - The rambutan seeds (20 g) were filled in a cloth bag and put into the extraction vessel of ScCO 2 extractor (SIB, Germany). - Response surface methodology (RSM) was employed to optimize the operating conditions of ScCO 2. - The oil was collected at the end of the extraction and stored it in the refrigerator for analysis.. - Effect of solvents on the extracts yield of maceration at solid to solvent ratio (w/v) of 1:15 and various extraction times.. - Comparison of Maceration and Soxhlet Techniques The comparison of maceration and soxhlet techniques at solid to solvent ratio (w/v) of 1:15 and using 95% ethanol was investigated as viewed in Fig. - The influence of temperature on extracts yield of rambutan seed at various. - times of soxhlet and maceration demonstrated that percent oil yield of soxhlet was higher than that of maceration for all times. - The result of soxhlet had trend to nearly 30 % oil yield at anytimes from 2 to 8 hr. - Therefore this technique did experiment only 2 h for the high percent oil yield of 28.90.. - While maceration technique could extract the highest percent oil yield only 22.16 with a longer extraction time for 8 h.. - Comparison of oil yield from maceration and soxhlet. - Optimization of Important Factors for Supercritical Carbon Dioxide (ScCO2) Extraction by RSM. - Response surface methodology was a good tool for optimization of extraction conditions [23]-[26]. - The experimental data of percent oil yield from rambutan seed using ScCO 2 were used to calculate the coefficients of the second- order polynomial in equation (1). - 3, pressure and volume of 95 % ethanol affected to extraction of percent oil yield from rambutan seeds. - pressure 30 MPa, temperature 56.7 o C, volume of 95 % ethanol 10 ml gave percent oil yield of 28.42, the result presented that percent oil yields increased as pressure increases as a result of increased solubility of oil in solvent from 20 to 30 MPa. - Then rising pressure up to 40 MPa, it decreased due to effect of high pressure could be degraded extracted oil yield oil . - 4 showed that it seemed to increasing temperature lead to increase oil yield from 30 to 50 o C. - applied high temperature, which decomposed characteristic of oil [22]. - Also, pressure and temperature have a significant effect of oil yield extraction from rambutan seeds. - the higher temperature and pressure would cause softening of the plant tissue, and increasing the solubility of oil from rambutan seeds, which improves the rate of diffusion, thus giving a higher rate of extraction [23].. - Surface plot of pressure and volume of 95 % ethanol at temperature 50 o C for percent oil yield from rambutan seeds.. - Surface plot of temperature and pressure at 95 % ethanol with 10 ml for percent oil yield from rambutan seeds.. - Surface plot of volume of 95 % ethanol and temperature at pressure 30 MPa for percent oil yield from rambutan seeds.. - The surface plot in Fig. - 5 revealed that the amounts of extracted oil occurred increase from without ethanol to 10 ml of 95% ethanol. - Percent oil yields decreased inversely with amount of 95% ethanol more than 10 ml. - As a result, propose statistical model is adequate for predicting percent oil yield from rambutan seeds using ScCO 2 , it was calcululated from. - the equation (1) and gave the highest oil yield 30.38 at pressure 34.8 MPa, temperature 56.7 o C, and using 14.5 ml of 95% ethanol at 2 h extraction time as shown in Fig. - From experment, the result reported that the highest oil yield was 28.42 at pressure 30 MPa, temperature 50 o C, and using 10 ml of 95% ethanol at 2 h extraction time. - Comparison of Percent Oil Yields from Various Extraction Methods. - The percent oil yields were extracted from rambutan seeds at different extraction methods (maceration, soxhlet and ScCO 2 ) were presented in Fig. - Comparison of percent oil yields from various extraction methods.. - 6, the maximum of percent oil yields from ScCO 2 extraction, soxhlet extraction and maceration were compared, it showed that oil yield were from rambutan seeds, respectively. - (pressure 30 MPa, temperature 56.7 o C, amount of 95 % ethanol in volume 10 ml and extraction times 2 hr) extracted oil from rambutan seeds was higher than that from maceration (extraction times 8 hr) and less than a bit of soxhlet (extraction times 8 hr) due to shorter extraction times.. - The RSM was used to determine the optimum process parameters that high oil yield. - It showed that the effects of pressure, temperature and the amount of ethanol as co-solvent were significant in oil yield. - Therefore, it is suggested the models obtained can be used to optimise the process of oil extraction from rambutan seeds and the ScCO 2 methodology could be applied in the extraction of oil from waste seeds in the canned fruit industry.. - Hamid, “Supercritical carbon dioxide extraction of bioactive flavonoid from Strobilanthes crispus (PecahKaca. - Tu, “Response surface optimization of supercritical fluid extraction of kaempferol glycosides from tea seed cake,” Ind. - “Supercritical carbon dioxide extraction of seed oil from Opuntia dillenii Haw and its antioxidant activity,” J. - 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