DANH PHP HP CHT HU C I. Phn loi chung v danh php hp cht hu c 1. Danh php h thng 2.

Danh php thng 3. Danh php bn h thng hay danh php bn thng thng II. Phn loi danh php IUPAC Gm nhiu loi nh: tn thay th, tn trao i, tn loi chc (hay l tn gc chc), tn dung hp, tn kt hp, tn cng, tn tr, tn nhn, tn ca d vng theo Hantzsch v Widman, tn thng v tn na h thng c lu dng trong h thng tn ca IUPAC 1. Tn thay th 2. Tn loi chc hay tn gc chc III. Quy nh v s dng cc ch s v tr v cc loi du trong danh php IUPAC 1. Cc ch s v v tr 2. Du phy 3. Gch ni 4. Khong trng 5. Du mc cong 6. Du mc vung DANH PHP HP CHT HU C IV. Tin t, hirua nn v nhm c trng 1. Tin t 2. Hirua nn 3. Nhm c trng DANH PHP HP CHT HU C V. Quy tc gi tn theo danh php thay th 1. Tn hirocacbon 2. Tn dn xut ca hirocacbon DANH PHP H THNG l loi danh php trong mi b phn cu thnh u c ngha h thng. Th d tn gi hexan (C6H14) gm hai b phn l hexa- (mt tin t xut pht t ting Hi Lp c ngha l su) v an (mt hu t ni ln hirocacbon no). Do ta c tn hex(a)+an =hexan DANH PHP THNG Danh php thng hay danh php thng thng l loi danh php c hnh thnh da theo ngun gc tm ra hoc theo tnh cht b ngoi (mu sc, mi v) hoc mt yu t khc khng c tnh h thng. Th d: ure c ngun gc t urine (ting Php c ngha l nc tiu) v ure ln u tin c tch ra t nc tiu. DANH PHP NA H THNG Loi danh php ny c tnh cch trung gian gia hai loi trn, v n ch c mt vi yu t h thng. Th d: stiren (C6H5CH=CH2) c ngun gc t stirax (tn mt loi nha cy cho ta stiren) v ch c hu t en (ni ln s c mt ca ni i C=C) l yu t h thng. TN THAY TH

Tn thay th hay l tn th c to nn nh thao tc thay th, tc l thay mt hay nhiu nguyn t H b phn chnh gi l hirua nn (mch chnh, vng chnh) bng mt hay nhiu nguyn t hoc nhm nguyn t khc ri ly tn ca nn ghp vi tn ca nguyn t hoc nhm nguyn t mi th vo (c nu tn di dng tin t hoc hu t ty trng hp, theo nhng quy tc nht nh) TN THAY TH Hirua nn: etan Nhm th -OH c tn dng hu t -ol Tn thay th Etanol CH3CH2-OH VD1 TN THAY TH Hirua nn: propan Nhm th -Cl c tn dng tin t -clo Tn thay th 1,2-iclopropan Cl-CH2-CHCl-CH3 VD2 TN GC CHC c to nn bng thao tc cng ca tn gc (hay tn nhm) vi tn ca chc hu c. CH3CH2-Br Etyl bromua CH3CH2-O-CH3 Etyl metyl ete CH3CH2-OH Etyl ancol hay ancol etylic CC CH S V V TR Cc ch s v v tr cc nhm th v nhm chc l nhng ch s rp (VD:1,2,3), cc ch ci Hi Lp (VD:, ), ch ci Latinh (VD:O, N, P) gi chung l locant. Hin nay IUPAC quy nh r l tt c cc locant phi t ngay trc b phn c lin quan ca tn gi hp cht hu c CH3-CHOH-CH3 Propan-2-ol CH2=C(C2H5)CH=CH2 2-Etylbuta-1,3-ien C6H5N(CH3)2 N,N-imetylanilin CC CH S V V TR CH3CH2CH=CH2 But-1-en VD: DU PHY Du phy (,) dng phn cch cc locant c vit bn cnh nhau trong mt tn gi hp cht hu c.

CH3CHOHCH2CH2OH Butan-1,3-iol GCH NI Gch ni (-) c dng vo cc mc ch sau: a. Phn cch locant vi nhng phn cn li m lin k ca tn gi. V d: 2-Metylbuta-1,3-ien, Nmetyl-N-propylanilin b. Phn cch cc locant gn nhau m thuc v cc phn khc nhau ca tn gi (thng phi dng thm du mc n). VD: 4-(1-Metyletyl)heptan GCH NI c. Phn cch cc k hiu lp th nh E, Z, R,S,D,L vi tn ca hp cht. VD: (E)-but-2-en, D-glucoz, (R)-glixerandehit d. Phn cch cc tin t cu to (nh sec-, tert-, cis-, trans-), cc tin t v tr (nh ortho-, meta-, para-) vi phn c bn ca tn gi. Cc tin t ny c vit in nghing v khng vit hoa d u cu. VD: sec-butyl clorua KHONG TRNG Khong trng c dng phn cch cc t trong danh php gc chc. Tn axit v cc dn xut axit (VD: axit axetic, etyl axetat, anhiric axetat) Cc hp cht cacbonyl (VD: etyl metyl xeton,) - Cc dn xut halogen (VD: etyl bromua) - Cc ancol, ete (etyl vinyl ete, ancol metylic) DU MC CONG Du mc cong c quy nh dng vo cc mc ch sau: a. Tch ring cho r mt nhm (gc) phc tp m c nh s ring. VD: 5-(1-metylpropyl)nonan DU MC CONG b. Bao bc cc k hiu lp th nh Z, E, R, S (Z)-but-2-en DU MC CONG c. Bao bc tn monome c nhnh cng vi locant ca n v tn ca monome gm hai thnh phn trong tn ca polime Poli(1-phenyleten) Poli(vinyl clorua) DU MC VUNG Dng ch r s lp li nhiu ln cc nhm lm ko di mch. VD CH3-[CH2]5-CH3 heptan TIN T Tin t hay l tip u ng c th c quy v hai loi ln l tin t v bi (ni ln s lng cc nhm cu to ging nhau hoc tng t nhau) v tin t v cu to (phn nh c im cu to) a. Tin t v bi b. Tin t v cu to

Cc tin t c bn i-, triCc tin t bis, tris Cc tin t bi, ter, quater TIN T V BI C BN Cc tin t c bn dng ch bi ca cc tin t cu to thuc loi n gin (khng c nhm th ph trong tn ca nhm th ), cc hu t. VD: 2,3,3,5-tetrametylheptan Etan-1,2-iol TIN T V BI C BN Dng ch bi ca cc tin t cu to c cha nhm th ph (gi l nhm th phc tp) v cc hu t c cha cc nhm th. VD: bis(1-metyletyl)- hoc l iisopropylbis(2,2-imetylpropyl)- hoc l ineopentylTIN T BIS-, TRIS- Dng ch yu trong tn ca cc t hp vng ni ln s lng vng ni vi nhau. VD: biphenyl TIN T BI-, TER-, QUARTERTIN T V CU TO Cc tin t v cu to c chia thnh 2 loi: a. Tin t tch ra c b. Tin t khng tch ra c nhm th n gin nhm th phc tp tin t xiclo-, bixiclotin t a: sila-, oxaTrong tn nhm th khng c nhm th ph. VD: metyl-, etyl-, hiroxi- Trong tn gi hp cht hu c, cc tin t ny c vit theo trnh t ch ci u, chng hn; amin butyl>etyl->hiroxi>metyl->propylLu : Nhng ch ci u ca tin t v bi (nh i, tri) khng c tnh vo trnh t cc tin t. CC TIN T NHM TH N GIN Trong tn nhm th c nhm th ph. VD: clometyl-, 1-metyletyl-, 2-hiroxietyl- Trong tn gi hp cht hu c, cc tin t ny c vit theo trnh t ch ci u ca tn gi hon chnh ca nhm th bao gm c cc tin t c bn v bi, chng hn; 1,2-iflobutyl->etyl->triclometyl CC TIN T NHM TH PHC TP Cc tin t ny lun lun gn lin vi phn nn ca tn gi. CC TIN T KHNG TCH RA C Cc tin t xiclo-, bixicloPentan Xiclopentan Cc tin t a nh oxa, aza CH3[CH2]6CH3 CH3-O-[CH2]2-O-[CH2]2-CH3 Octan 2,5-ioxaoctan

Hirua nn l nhng cu trc khng c nhnh, c th l mch h hay mch vng v ch c hiro ni vi mi cu trc . VD: metan, xiclohexan, piridin. HIRUA NN HIRUA NN CH4 Hirua nn n nhn: ch cha mt nguyn t ca nguyn t chnh cn li l hiro. Tn ca hirua nn n nhn c hnh thnh t tn nguyn t tng ng v hu t an. VD SiH4 NH3 Cacban(metan) Silan Azan (Amoniac) HIRUA NN Hirua nn a nhn: i vi hirocacbon no, tr 4 cht u dy ng ng, cc hirocacbon cn li u c tn c hnh thnh t tin t c bn ch s lng nguyn t cacbon v hu t an. VD: pentan, heptan i vi cc hirua khc hirocacbon, tn gm hai b phn l tin t c bn v bi v tn ca hirua n nhn. Th d: NH2-NH2 NH2-NH-NH-NH-NH2 iazan (Hirazin) Pentazan NHM C TRNG Nhm c trng hay nhm chc l nguyn t hay nhm nguyn t quy nh tnh cht ho hc c trng ca mt loi hp cht hu c. VD: -OH, -NH2, -Cl, -CHO, -COOH NHM C TRNG Cc nhm c trng cn li c phn thnh hai loi chnh: Cc nhm c trng ch c tn dng tin t (Nhm loi A) Cc nhm c trng c th c tn dng tin t hoc hu t(Nhm loi B) NHM C TRNG Cc nhm c trng ch c tn dng tin t (Nhm loi A) Cc nhm c trng c th c tn dng tin t hoc hu t (Nhm loi B) Ch (C) trong mc n ch ra rng nguyn t C c tnh trong hirua nn, khng tnh trong nhm c trng. QUY TC GI TN HIROCACBON THEO DANH PHP THAY TH a.Xc nh hirua nn (mch chnh, mch vng) Vic xc nh hirua nn da theo nhng nguyn tc c th. Chng hn, i vi hirocacbon no mch h, hirua nn l mch di nht m cha nhiu nhnh nht; i vi hirocacbon khng no mch h,

l mch cha lin kt kp vi s lng ti a v khi cn th u tin cho ni i hn l ni ba,vv QUY TC GI TN HIROCACBON THEO DANH PHP THAY TH b. nh s cc nguyn t cacbon trn mch chnh Cch nh s cng phi tun theo nhng quy tc c th. Chng hn, i vi hirocacbon no cn nh s t u no gn nhnh cho locant nh nht, i vi hirocacbon khng no cn nh s t u no gn lin kt kp hn, v khi cn thit th u tin cho ni i. QUY TC GI TN HIROCACBON THEO DANH PHP THAY TH c. Gi tn y Locant ca cc nhnh + Tn ca cc nhnh (theo trnh t ch ci) + Hirua nn + locant ca lin kt kp (nu c)+ hu t ca lin kt (trnh t en trc in). VD: QUY TC GI TN HIROCACBON THEO DANH PHP THAY TH VD: 5-butyl-3-metyl-4-propylnonan QUY TC GI TN HIROCACBON THEO DANH PHP THAY TH VD: 6-metyl-2-pentylhept-1-en-4-in QUY TC GI TN DN XUT HIROCACBON THEO DANH PHP THAY TH 1. Xc nh cc nhm c trng trong phn t thuc v loi A hay loi B; nu c nhiu nhm loi B cn 2. Xc nh hirua nn. l mch cha nhm chc chnh vi s lng ti a, sau n cc nhm chc v nhm th khc vi s lng cng nhiu cng tt. xc nh nhm chnh QUY TC GI TN DN XUT HIROCACBON THEO DANH PHP THAY TH 3. nh s mch chnh t u no gn nhm chnh v cho locant nh nht. Cc hu t ch cha bo ho (-en, -in) c t ngay trc tn ca nhm chnh. 4. i vi cc hp cht n cht v a chc ng nht ch cha nhm c trng loi A th gi tn cc nhm c trng dng tin t cng vi locant (c t ngay trc tin t) ri n hirua nn. QUY TC GI TN DN XUT HIROCACBON THEO DANH PHP THAY TH 5. i vi cc hp cht n chc v a chc ng nht cha nhm chc c trng loi B th nhm c trng c th hin dng hu t cng vi locant (c t ngay trc hu t). QUY TC GI TN DN XUT HIROCACBON THEO

DANH PHP THAY TH 6. i vi hp cht tp chc cha nhiu nhm c trng khc nhau, trong c nhm loi B, th gi tn tt c cc nhm khng phi l nhm chnh dng tin t cng vi locant (t ngay trc mi tin t) ri n hirua nn cng vi cha bo ho nu c v sau cng l nhm chnh dng hu t cng vi locant (ngay trc hu t). QUY TC GI TN DN XUT HIROCACBON THEO DANH PHP THAY TH Tm tt trnh t gi tn dn xut ca hirocacbon Locant + nhm th v nhm chc khng chnh ( dng tin t, trnh t ch ci) + mch chnh + locant + cha bo ho ( dng hu t -en, -in..)+ locant +Nhm chc chnh ( dng hu t). QUY TC GI TN DN XUT HIROCACBON THEO DANH PHP THAY TH VD1: Nhm chc chnh: Hirua nn: -OH (thuc loi B) c hu t -ol CH3-CH3 c tn etan Tn hp cht: Etanol v Etan-1,2-iol QUY TC GI TN DN XUT HIROCACBON THEO DANH PHP THAY TH VD2: Nhm chc chnh: Hirua nn: C=O (thuc loi B) hu t -on CH3[CH2]4CH3 c tn hexan Tn hp cht: 3-Clo-6-hiroxi-5-metylhex-3-en-2-on QUY TC GI TN DN XUT HIROCACBON THEO DANH PHP THAY TH Lu : Khi trong phn t c mt hai hoc hn hai nhm loi B, cn xc nh nhm chnh gi tn di dng hu t, cn cc nhm khc c gi tn di dng tin t. Nhm chnh l nhm c u tin cao hn trong dy sau (do IUPAC quy nh): Axit cacboxylic > anhirit axit > Este > halogenua axit > amit > Anehit > xeton > ancol v phenol > amin > ete