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The original transmission indicated where that MAC address came from, enabling the switch to deliver traffic in the network more efficiently.. 10 Mbps. Full-Duplex Transmission. Another function of LAN switching that dramatically improves bandwidth is full- duplex transmission, which effectively doubles the amount of bandwidth between nodes. Full-duplex transmission between stations is achieved by using point-to-point Ethernet connections. Full-duplex transmission...
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a 1 is denoted by a high level dur- ing the first half of the bit time.. Thinnet Term used to define a thinner, less expensive version of the cable specified in the IEEE 802.3 10BASE2 standard.. Complete all the review questions to test your understanding of the topics and con- cepts in this chapter. What is the name of...
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The transport layer data stream is a logical connection between a network’s endpoints.. Using UDP, the transport layer’s primary duty is to transport data from source to desti- nation. End-to-end control, provided by sliding windows and reliability in sequencing numbers and acknowledgments, is the primary duty of the transport layer when using TCP. The transport layer defines end-to-end connectivity between...
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To convert a decimal number to binary, the idea is to first find the biggest power of 2 that “fits” into the decimal number, as shown in Table 7-1. Because working with computers often is referenced by bytes, it is easiest to start with byte boundaries and calculate from there, as shown in Table 7-2. To better demonstrate, look at...
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The last two octets contain 0s because those 16 bits are for host numbers and identify devices that are attached to the network. The IP address in the example is reserved for the network address and is never used as an address for any device that is attached to it. An example of an IP address for a device on...
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In Figure 7-39, a source device wants to send data to another device.. Figure 7-38 ARP Obtains the IP Address Via the MAC Address. MAC Address IP Address. FE:ED:F . Host Z ARP Request. If a host wants to send data to another host, it must know the destination IP and MAC addresses. If it cannot locate a MAC address...
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They respond with their MAC addresses for those requests in which the IP address is not in the range of addresses of the local subnet. For example, in Figure 7-49, if Machine A sends an ARP requests to Machine F, the router processes the request and replies to A with its own MAC address to be mapped to the IP...
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Routing protocol—Supports a routed protocol by providing mechanisms for shar- ing routing information. Routing protocol messages move between the routers. A routing protocol allows the routers to communicate with other routers to update and maintain tables. Interior Gateway Routing Protocol (IGRP). Enhanced Interior Gateway Routing Protocol (EIGRP). A net- work mask separates the network and host portions of a 32-bit...
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Logical addressing occurs at the network layer. This is similar to the function of the host portion of an address. The function of the network layer is to find the best path through the network. This means that an address must have information about the path of media connections that the routing process uses to pass packets from a source...
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IP determines the form of the IP packet header (which includes addressing and other control information) but does not concern itself with the actual data. It accepts what- ever is passed down from the higher layers, as shown in Figure 8-21.. As a packet travels through an internetwork to get to its final destination, the frame’s headers and trailers are...
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To determine the number of bits to be used, the network designer needs to calculate how many hosts the largest subnetwork requires and the number of subnetworks. Again, the difference between usable and total hosts is a result of using the first available address as the ID and the last available address as the broadcast for each subnetwork. “lost” addresses,...
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protocol stack A set of related communications protocols that operate together and, as a group, address communication at some or all of the seven layers of the OSI refer- ence model. Not every protocol stack covers each layer of the model, and often a single protocol in the stack addresses a number of layers at once. routed protocol Any network...
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Figure 9-2 Transport Layer Role in Communication Between Network Devices. The transport layer provides the following basic services:. Ensuring reliability provided by sequence numbers and acknowledgments The transport layer assumes that it can use the network as a “cloud,” to send data packets from source to destination. TCP/IP is a combination of two individual protocols, TCP and IP. The TCP/IP...
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Table 9-1 Reserved TCP and UDP Port Numbers. 17 Quote Quote of the day. 20 ftp-data File Transfer Protocol (data). 21 ftp File Transfer Protocol. 53 Domain Domain Name Server. 69 Tftp Trivial File Transfer Protocol. Originating source port numbers are assigned dynamically by the source host, with some number greater than 1023. Figure 9-12 Port Numbers Dictate Application Used....
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The host name is the IP address (DNS) of the remote computer to which you connect.. The Telnet operation uses none of the transmitting computer’s processing power. Instead, it transmits the keystrokes to the remote host and sends the resulting screen output back to the local monitor. The Telnet application works mainly at the top three layers of the OSI...
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chpt_10.fm Page 510 Tuesday, May AM. A WAN operates at the physical layer (Layer 1) and the data link layer (Layer 2) of the OSI reference model. chpt_10.fm Page 511 Tuesday, May AM. chpt_10.fm Page 512 Tuesday, May AM. Each physical component of the WAN can be monitored and measured for its availability using uptime. Uptime is the opposite of...
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Figure 10-4 illustrates some of the common data link encapsulations associated with synchronous serial lines.. Figure 10-4 Data Link Encapsulations. Figure 10-5 illustrates the synchronous serial communications model where services offered to the router are made available through a modem or a CSU/DSU.. Figure 10-5 CSU/DSU. The following subsections give a brief description of the most common WAN connection services:....
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These configuration files contain the instructions and parameters that control the flow of traffic in and out of the routers.. The configuration file spec- ifies all the information the router needs to make these decisions.. Table 10-9 outlines the main internal configuration components of the router.. These rates can be tricky to analyze and might even be misleading. These intervals...
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More Information: Roles of the Router in WANs (Continued). Figure 10-11 Interior Routers in a Network. Router Router. More Information: Roles of the Router in WANs (Continued) Figure 10-12 Exterior Routers. The last functional class of router is the border router. Therefore, a border router may denote the boundary between two autonomous systems rather than the border between a private...
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All of the above. Use the help feature in the command-line interface. Understand basic operation of Cisco IOS Software and its features. Troubleshoot Cisco IOS Software. In this chapter, you learn how to start a router for the first time by using the correct com- mands and startup sequence to do an initial configuration of the router. This chapter also...