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13 THE PASSIVE PAGE 1:. This book must be returned to the library by the date above.. But most phrasal and prepositional verbs which have an object can be passive.. We ran over a cat./The cat was run over.. Some verbs can be either action verbs or state verbs, e.g. They can be passive only when they are action verbs.....
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PAGE 141 112 The passive to-infinitive and gerund. 112 The passive to-infinitive and gerund. Active Passive To-infinitive to play to be played Perfect to-infinitive to have played to have been played Gerund playing being played Perfect gerund having played having been played The passive forms end with a passive participle (played).. The passive to-infinitive and gerund can come in the...
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120 Verb + to-infinitive. 1 We can use a to-infinitive after some verbs.. We hope to be moving into our new flat soon.. The to-infinitive clause is the object of the main verb. 2 We can use seem, appear, happen, tend, come, grow, turn out and prove with a to-infinitive.. The plane seemed to be losing height. (It was apparently...
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124 Noun phrase + to-infinitive. 1 The pattern the need to write. a We can use a to-infinitive clause after some verbs and adjectives.. I need to write a letter. We can also use an infinitive after a related noun.. 2 The pattern letters to write. In this pattern the to-infinitive expresses necessity or possibility.. letters that I have to...
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b Sometimes we can use a finite clause. We can use an object + gerund after these verbs:. b We can also use a gerund after than, as and like expressing comparison.. We can also use a gerund after as well as, instead of without etc. We can use a gerund after these prepositional verbs:. We can also use verbs...
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Here the understood subject of the participle is the same as the subject of the main clause.. Here the understood subject of the participle can also be understood as the subject of the main clause.. The subjects can also be different with strictly speaking, having said that and talking of. 1 We can use an active or passive participle before...
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Phrases after a noun • 148 There can be a phrase after a noun.. The start of the race means that the race starts.. This, they said, would reveal the exact time of the theft.. She alerted the pilot of the Boeing. The cost of the emergency landing was £6,500.. Nouns can also refer to actions and events: theft, landing....
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a fear of dogs hopes for the future doubts about the wisdom of the decision an intense dislike of quiz shows. f When ordering food or drink or talking about portions, we can use countable nouns.. 145 The plural of nouns. To form the plural we add s (doors, planes) or es (stewardesses).. b For pronunciation of the s/es ending....
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the publication of the document The landscape is beautiful. the beauty of the landscape. The government opposed the publication of the document.. For the subject of the clause we use either the possessive form or the of-pattern.. the visitor's departure/the departure of the visitor The scheme succeeded. the scheme's success/the success of the scheme The telephone rang. the ringing of...
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157 Number in the subject and object. (A number of schools share the same adviser.) The schools have careers advisers.. But we use the singular after a subject with each or every.. Each town has its own mayor.. The articles: a/an and the. The Royal Society for the Prevention of Accidents held an exhibition at Harrogate, in the north of...
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We can use the before some adjectives of nationality and before some other adjectives to make generalizations.. (You can record on it.) The stereo has one tape deck. 2 We use one for one of a larger number. We use one in the of-pattern.. One of the shops was open.. 3 We use one in adverb phrases with morning, day,...
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d Lakes, rivers, canals and seas Lakes are without the.. e Cities, towns, suburbs and villages Most are without the.. f Roads, streets and parks Most are without the.. a We use the in this pattern.. b We use the with by-passes and motorways.. Most bridges are without the.. Most are without the.. In the US names with center are...
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e We can use this or that to refer to something mentioned before.. But when we refer forward to what we are going to say, we use this.. f We can use that/those to replace a noun phrase with the and so avoid repeating the noun.. The temperature of a snake is the same as that of the surrounding air.....
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a We use these words before a singular noun to talk about all the members of a group. The owner's name was painted on each side/on both sides of the van.. a We can use almost or nearly with every but not with each.. c We can use their meaning 'his or her. d We can use each (but not...
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Personal pronouns • 184. We use he, she, it and they to refer to other people and things when it is clear from the context what we mean.. We can use you, one, we and they to refer to people in general.. Reflexive pronouns, emphatic pronouns and each other • 186 Reflexive pronouns refer to the subject of the sentence.....
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a We use a reflexive pronoun as object or complement when it refers to the same thing as the subject.. We use me, him etc only if it means something different from the subject.. a We can also use a reflexive pronoun in a sub clause.. We use me, you etc after a preposition of place when it is clear...
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b We can use a or one before hundred, thousand, million etc.. c Hundred, thousand, million etc are singular except in the of-pattern. (3) d We use and between hundred and the rest of the number (but not usually in. f We can write a thousand as 1,000 or 1 000 or 1000 but not 1.000.. And in informal English...
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b We can use an adjective in an exclamation with how. We can do this with a few adjectives after as or than.. It's a metal pipe./The pipe is metal.. b There is sometimes a word that we can use attributively instead of one with the prefix a.. There are also other words expressing feelings which we can use attributively.....
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An adverbial can be an adverb phrase, prepositional phrase or noun phrase.. Types of adverbial Adverbs of m a n n e r • 209 slowly, with a smile (how?) Place and time • 210 here, at the post office (where?) yesterday, next week (when?) ages, for three weeks (how long?) Adverbs of frequency • 211. often, every week (how...
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a We put an adverbial of manner mainly in end position. An adverb of manner can also modify an adjective.. a Adverbials of place and time often go in end position.. For more than one adverbial in end position. b They can also go in front position.. c Some short adverbials of time can go in mid position.. a We...