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The Ray Equation. The Ray-Transfer Matrix. Figure 1.0-l The theory of quantum optics provides an explanation of virtually all optical phenomena. In isotropic media, optical rays point in the direction of the flow of optical energy. When light is generated isotropically from a point source, for example, the energy associated with the rays in a given cone is proportional to...
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The precise physical meaning of the wavefunction is. Interference, an important manifestation of the wave nature of light, is the subject of Sets. depend on the physical significance assigned to the wavefunction (i.e., the component of the electromagnetic field it represents), as discussed in Chap. The optical intensity I(r, t), defined as the optical power per unit area (units of...
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3.1 THE GAUSSIAN BEAM A. The depth of focus of the Gaussian beam is named after him.. The angular divergence of the wavefront normals is the minimum permitted by the wave equation for a given beam width. An expression for the complex amplitude of the Gaussian beam is derived in Sec.. J2/Jx2 + a2/~y2 is the transverse part of the...
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The harmonic function F(v)exp(j2rrvt), which has frequency v and complex amplitude F(v), is the building block of the theory. typically cycles/mm) in the x and y directions, respectively.+ The harmonic function F(v,, v. exp[ -j2rr(v,x + v,y)] is the two-dimensional building block of the theory. The coefficients (k,, k,, k,) are components of the wavevector k and A is a...
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Optical frequencies occupy a band of the electromagnetic spectrum that extends from the infrared through the visible to the ultraviolet (Fig. The wave optics theory described in Chap, 2 is an approximation of the electromagnetic theory, in which light is described by a single scalar function of position and time (the wavefunction). This chapter provides a brief review of the...
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n The amount of light reflected at the boundary between two materials depends on the polarization of the incident wave.. Figure 6.0-l Time course of the electric field vector at several positions: (a) arbitrary wave;. are the x and y components of the electric-field vector kY(z, t). The state of polarization of the wave is determined by the shape of...
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Consider a monochromatic TEM plane wave of wavelength h = ho/n, wavenumber k = nk,, and phase velocity c = c,/n, where n is the refractive index of the medium between the mirrors. Fields that satisfy this condition are called eigenmodes or simply modes of the waveguide (see Appendix C). Since the y component of the propagation constant is k....
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One of the difficulties associated with light propagation in multimode fibers arises from the differences among the group velocities of the modes. Modal dispersion can be reduced by grading the refractive index of the fiber core from a maximum value at its center to a minimum value at the core-cladding boundary. Although rays of greater inclination to the fiber axis...
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The resonator determines the frequency and spatial distribution of the laser beam. 2) is used to determine the modes of the resonator, i.e., the resonance frequencies and wavefunctions of the optical waves that exist self-con- sistently within the resonator. 4) are necessary for understanding the effect of the finite size of the resonator’s mirrors on its loss and on the...
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10.1 STATISTICAL PROPERTIES OF RANDOM LIGHT A. 10.2 INTERFERENCE OF PARTIALLY COHERENT LIGHT A. Gain of Spatial Coherence by Propagation 10.4 PARTIAL POLARIZATION. Figure 10.0-2 Time dependence of the wavefunctions of three random waves.. 10.1 STATISTICAL PROPERTIES OF RANDOM LIGHT. 10.1-l(a) and (b), respectively. A exp(j2rv0t), where A is a constant, (10.1-6) gives. (10.1-g) Coherence Time. cr, (10.1-10). (10.141). (10.1-12)....
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11 .l THE PHOTON A. Photon Time 11.2 PHOTON STREAMS. 11.2, by a. Figure 11.0-l The theory of quantum optics provides an explanation for virtually all optical phenomena. discussion of the properties of photon streams. 11.1 THE PHOTON. of the mode. Figure 11.1-3 illustrates the process.. Figure 11.1-3 Probabilistic reflection or transmission of a photon at a beamsplitter.. Of course,...
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12.1 ATOMS, MOLECULES, AND SOLIDS A. Occupation of Energy Levels in Thermal Equilibrium 12.2 INTERACTIONS OF PHOTONS WITH ATOMS. Laser Cooling and Trapping of Atoms 12.3 THERMAL LIGHT. 12.4 LUMINESCENCE LIGHT. 12.1) of the energy levels of different types of atoms, molecules, and solids. 12.2 the laws governing the interaction of a photon with an atom, i.e., photon emission and...
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13.1 THE LASER AMPLIFIER A. Amplifier Phase Shift 13.2 AMPLIFIER POWER SOURCE. 13.3 AMPLIFIER NONLINEARITY AND GAIN SATURATION A. *13.4 AMPLIFIER NOISE. Figure 13.0-l The laser amplifier. Figure 13.0-2 (a) An ideal amplifier is linear. 13.1 the theory of laser amplification is developed, leading to expressions for the amplifier gain, spectral bandwidth, and phase shift. 13.1 THE LASER AMPLIFIER. Figure...
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14.2 CHARACTERISTICS OF THE LASER OUTPUT Ạ Power. Ẹ Characteristics of Common Lasers 14.3 PULSED LASERS. 14.1 the behavior of the laser amplifier and the laser resonator are summarized, and the oscillation conditions of the laser are derived. 14.3 is devoted to the operation of pulsed lasers.. 14.1 THEORY OF LASER OSCILLATION. Figure 14.1-l Spectral dependence of the amplifier with...
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15.1 SEMICONDUCTORS. 15.2 INTERACTIONS OF PHOTONS WITH ELECTRONS AND HOLES A. Figure 15.1-l Energy bands: (a) in Si, and (6) in GaAs.. Figure 15.1-2 Electrons in the conduction band and holes in the valence band at T >. Figure 15.1-3 Cross section of the E-k function for Si and GaAs along the crystal directions [ill] and [loo].. 15.1-3 for Si...
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16.1 LIGHT-EMITTING DIODES Ạ Injection Electroluminescence B. 16.2 SEMICONDUCTOR LASER AMPLIFIERS Ạ Gain. 16.3 SEMICONDUCTOR INJECTION LASERS Ạ Amplification, Feedback, and Oscillation B. 16.0-l(b)] or, with appropri-. 16.1), the semiconductor laser amplifier (Sec. 16.2), and the semiconductor injection laser (Sec.. 16.1 LIGHT-EMll-lING DIODES Ạ Injection Electroluminescence. 16.1B. (16.1-8a). (16.1-8b). (16.1-9b). (16.1-11) Spectral Width (Hz). (16.1-10) Peak Frequency. (16.1-12). (16.1-14). Figure...
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17.1 PROPERTIES OF SEMICONDUCTOR PHOTODETECTORS A. 17.2 PHOTOCONDUCTORS. 17.3 PHOTODIODES. 17.4 AVALANCHE PHOTODIODES A. 17.5 NOISE IN PHOTODETECTORS A. Figure 17.0-l Photoelectric emission from (a) a metal and (b) a semiconductor.. (17.0-l) is. Figure 17.0-2 (a) Phototube. Figure 17.0-3 Electron-hole photogeneration in a semiconductor.. 17.3 and 17.4, respectively.. 17.1 PROPERTIES OF SEMICONDUCTOR PHOTODETECTORS. Equation (17.1-l) is a product of three...
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18.1 PRINCIPLES OF ELECTRO-OPTICS A. *18.2 ELECTRO-OPTICS OF ANISOTROPIC MEDIA A. 18.3 ELECTRO-OPTICS OF LIQUID CRYSTALS A. *18.4 PHOTOREFRACTIVE MATERIALS. Figure 18.0-I A steady electric field applied to an electro-optic material changes its refractive index. Section 18.3 is devoted to the electro-optic properties of liquid crystals. (18.14) where the coefficients of expansion are n = n(O), a. Figure 18.1-1 Dependence...
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19.1 19.2. *19.7 19.8. 19.1 to 19.3. 19.4 and 19.5.. 19.2 and 19.4. 19.3 and 19.5. 19.1 NONLINEAR OPTICAL MEDIA. 19.2 and 19.3. Figure 19.1-2 The first Born approximation. 19.2 SECOND-ORDER NONLINEAR OPTICS. (19.2-7) where. I EC4 I”] (19.2-8a). P&J)= 4dE(O)E(o) (19.2-8b). (19.2-10). hL.(2~1) =~Eh)Eb1) (19.2-lib). (19.2-lid). (19.2-12) Frequency-Matching Condition. (19.2-13) Phase-Matching. Figure 19.2-6 The phase-matching condition.. 19.3 THIRD-ORDER NONLINEAR...
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20.1 INTERACTION OF LIGHT AND SOUND A. Bragg Diffraction of Beams 20.2 ACOUSTO-OPTIC DEVICES. *20.3 ACOUSTO-OPTICS OF ANISOTROPIC MEDIA. Figure 20.0-I Sound modifies the effect of an optical medium on light.. Figure 20.0-2 Variation of the refractive index accompanying a harmonic sound wave. (20.04) Bragg Condition. Figure 20.0-3 Bragg diffraction: an acoustic plane wave acts as a partial reflector of...