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Oxford guide to english grammar part 1

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Oxford University Press Walton Street, Oxford 0X2 6DP Oxford New York. Auckland Bangkok Buenos Aires Cape Town Chennai Dar es Salaam Delhi Hong Kong Istanbul Karachi Kolkata Kuala Lumpur Madrid Melbourne Mexico City Mumbai Nairobi São Paulo Shanghai Singapore Taipei Tokyo Toronto. are trade marks of Oxford University Press ISBN paperback). Oxford University Press 1994 First published 1994. No part...

Oxford guide to english grammar part 2

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Subject Verb Complement (noun phrase) (verb phrase) (noun phrase). Here the noun phrase our flight time is the subject of the clause. There can be other phrases, too. Adverbial Subject Verb Object Object (prepositional phrase) (noun phrase) (verb phrase) (noun phrase) (noun phrase) On behalf of the airline we wish you a pleasant flight.. A sentence can be a single...

Oxford guide to english grammar part 3

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The man stole a coat.. The man had no money.. After some transitive verbs we can leave out the object when it would add little or nothing to the meaning.. The man opposite was reading (a book). We can also leave out the object after these verbs:. A complement is an adjective phrase or a noun phrase. A complement relates...

Oxford guide to english grammar part 4

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For example, we can use a statement to ask for information (I'd like to know all the details). Adrian: We can watch it together when you get back.. We can watch it together is a suggestion to which Stella agrees.. In some situations we can use either a statement or another sentence type.. I promise to be good is a...

Oxford guide to english grammar part 5

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After an imperative we can use these tags: will you? won't you? would you?. a We can use a positive tag after a positive imperative.. The meaning is the same as Will you get out your books? but the pattern with the tag is more informal.. We can mention the subject you when it contrasts with another person.. a A...

Oxford guide to english grammar part 6

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What did you think I said? (You thought I said something.). Object: Who did you invite to the party. Whose cat has been run over, did you say?. 3 A question word can also be the object of a preposition.. But in more formal English it can come before the question word.. Which do you want?. Whose was the idea?....

Oxford guide to english grammar part 7

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We can use why not + verb instead of Why don't you. e We can use a negative question to ask the hearer to agree that something is true.. d We can use other negative words.. Are you never going to finish? Why does the government take no action?. The answer no agrees that the negative is true. The answer...

Oxford guide to english grammar part 8

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1 We sometimes leave out a word or phrase, or we replace it by another word such as a pronoun. Customer: Are they all the same price?. While she and the assistant are looking at the jackets, there is no need to repeat the word jacket. It is clear from the situation what the topic of the conversation is.. 38...

Oxford guide to english grammar part 9

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I left the bag on the seat, and when I got back, it wasn't there. on the seat) When I was young, we didn't have a television. On a building Town Hall 'This is the town hall.' On a door Office 'This room is the office.' On a packet Automatic dishwasher 'This packet contains automatic. powder dishwasher powder.' On a...

Oxford guide to english grammar part 10

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Outside the house two women were talking.. NOT Outside the house were talking two women.. NOTE For There was a furniture van outside the house. b We can use here and there in front position to draw attention to something in the situation.. In this pattern we can use be, come or go in the present simple. There is inversion...

Oxford guide to english grammar part 11

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Grammar in speech and writing • 53. There is normally more repetition in speech than in writing. Stress and intonation • 54. The voice rises or falls on the new and important information. Weak forms and short forms • 55. For example have has a spoken weak form /v/ and a written short form 've.. 53 Grammar in speech and...

Oxford guide to english grammar part 12

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A comma is much less usual when the adverbial comes at the end of the sentence.. b The name of the reader/listener is separated off by commas.. The official languages of the United Nations are Chinese, French, Spanish, Russian. When the direct speech is longer, we can mention the speaker in the middle of it.. In general, hyphens are used...

Oxford guide to english grammar part 13

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61 Meaning in the verb phrase. We're decorating at the moment. Jason: Well, we live right at the top, but there are only four floors. Present: I think we're going to like it.. We live right at the top.. Here the present tense is more direct. The decorating came to an end in the period leading up to the present...

Oxford guide to english grammar part 14

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We can also use the present (instead of the past) to tell a story. We also use the present for actions in films, plays and books.. a We can also use the present simple with a performative verb, e.g. b For the present simple after here/there. c The present simple is used in headlines for a recent action: Rail fares...

Oxford guide to english grammar part 15

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b We can use the present perfect continuous for repeated actions up to now.. I've been going to evening classes in Arabic.. Compare the present perfect for a complete series of actions.. c Compare the present perfect continuous and the present perfect for a single action.. The present perfect focuses on the result of the action. d We use the...

Oxford guide to english grammar part 16

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2 When we talk about intentions, plans and arrangements, we use be going to or the present continuous, but not will.. We're going to eat out tonight. (We have decided to eat out.) We're eating out tonight. (We have arranged to eat out.) We use will only for an instant decision.. I'll be away for a week.. I'm going to...

Oxford guide to english grammar part 17

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you/we/they are you/we/they are being he/she/it is he/she/it is being Past simple Past continuous I/he/she/it was I/he/she/it was being you/we/they were you/we/they were being Present perfect. I/you/we/they have been he/she/it has been Past perfect everyone had been. We can use be with the continuous for behaviour over a period of time.. We can use be in the imperative for behaviour.....

Oxford guide to english grammar part 18

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Modal verbs. Introduction to modal verbs • 91. The modal verbs (or 'modal auxiliary verbs') are will, would, shall, should, can, could, may, might, must, need, ought to and dare.. We can park here.. There are some expressions with have and be which have similar meanings to the modal verbs.. I have to go now. Modal verbs express meanings such...

Oxford guide to english grammar part 19

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We can also use might to ask permission, but it is both formal and tentative.. To do this, we can use can referring to the present or the future and could referring to the past.. At one time anyone could go and live in the USA.. b We can also use be allowed to.. I'm allowed to stay up as...

Oxford guide to english grammar part 20

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100 Habits: will, would and used to. We use will for present habits and would for past habits.. But we use will as a kind of prediction. The action is so typical and happens so regularly that we can predict it will continue.. 2 Used to. a Used to expresses a past habit or state.. I used to come here...