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10.6.6 Steady and Impulsive Vibratory Stresses. )2 (10.65) where a) is the frequency of oscillation of the load and O) n is the natural frequency of oscillation of a weight on the bar.. sin ^J (10.66). 10.7 SHAFTS, BENDING, AND TORSION 10.7.1 Definitions. 10.23. 10.23 Round bar subject to torsional stress.. J = 1 X 32 TrJ 4 or V...
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11.1 ORIGINOFCE. Concurrent engineering (CE) was a phenomenon of the 1980s. It arose in the Department of Defense (DoD) when it was realized that a number of new defense products were being designed without any thought given at the time of design to whether the design was manufacturable. Lack of consideration of manufacturability led to many revisions at a late...
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The ideal collaborative environment will enable any member of a team to communicate spontaneously, and thereby collaborate, with any other member of the team.. These are discussed in the remainder of the chapter.. Numerous people over the past eight years contributed to the development of the material presented here. In particular, Ravi Raman, Dan Nichols, and Felix Londono have contributed...
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Computer-aided design (CAD) uses the mathematical and graphic-processing power of the computer to assist the engineer in the creation, modification, analysis, and display of designs. 13.2.1 Input/Output and Central Processing Unit (CPU) 282 13.3 THE COMPUTER Computer Evolution Categories of Computers Central Processing Unit. Geometric mod- eling, engineering analysis, simulation, and the communication of the design information can also be...
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All of the hardware described above can do nothing without software to support it. In its broadest definition, software is a group of stored commands, sometimes known as a program, that provides an interface between the binary code of the CPU and the thought processes of the user. Likewise, individual programs often provide a platform for the operation of subroutines,...
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14.1 INTRODUCTION. In this chapter, the meaning of the term virtual reality (VR) is explained and the associated hardware and software technology is described. 14.2 VIRTUALREALITY. 14.1 INTRODUCTION 319 14.2 VIRTUALREALITY 319 14.3 VRTECHNOLOGY VR Hardware VR Software 322. 14.4 VRSYSTEMARCHITECTURE 323 14.5 THREE-DIMENSIONAL. 14.5.2 Desktop VR Systems Hybrid Systems 325 14.6 VRFORMECHANICAL. ENGINEERING Enhanced Visualization VR-CAD 325 14.7 VIRTUAL...
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15.1 ERGONOMICS. A widespread increase in the availability of technology in the second half of the twentieth century has meant that more and more people come in contact with a variety of product designs on a daily basis. Regardless of this increase in the number and types of human users, many engineers still concentrate their design efforts on the machine...
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16.1 INTRODUCTION 16.1.1 Scope. Electronic packaging is a multidisciplinary process consisting of the physical design, product devel- opment, manufacture, and field support required to transform an electronic circuit into functional electronic equipment.. 16.1 INTRODUCTION Scope Overview Design Techniques 340 16.2 COMPONENT MOUNTING General Specific Components Discrete Components Printed Circuit Board. Components 341 16.3 FASTENINGANDJOINING General Mechanical Fastening Welding and Soldering...
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Because of the scope of most engi- neering applications and the tedium of the numerical calculations involved in optimization algorithms, the techniques of optimization are intended primarily for computer implementation.. It is learned through practice and the study of successful applications and is based on the knowledge of the strengths, weaknesses, and peculiarities of the techniques provided by optimization theory.....
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18.1 CRITERIA OF FAILURE. 18.1 CRITERIA OF FAILURE 377 18.2 FAILUREMODES 378 18.3 ELASTIC DEFORMATION AND. YIELDING 382 18.4 FRACTURE MECHANICS AND. UNSTABLE CRACK GROWTH 383 18.5 FATIGUE AND STRESS. 18.5.10 Damage Tolerance and Fracture Control 436 18.6 CREEP AND STRESS. State of Stress Cumulative Creep 442 18.7 COMBINED CREEP AND. FATIGUE 443 18.8 FRETTINGANDWEAR Fretting Phenomena Wear Phenomena 456...
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18.12 Surface flaw shape parameter. alb} (18.39). 18.5 FATIGUE AND STRESS CONCENTRATION. 18.13 Failure assessment diagram.. 18.5.1 Fatigue Loading and Laboratory Testing. 18.14«. 18.15.. 18.16 a sketch of a realistic stress spectrum is given. 18.17.. 18.5.2 The S-N-P Curves—A Basic Design Tool. 18.18. 18.18 Family of S-N-P curves, or R-S-N curves, for 7075-T6 aluminum alloy. 18.19 Two types of material...
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18.61 Structural arrangements. Class 3 structures are usually designed to provide a specified percentage of the original strength, that is, a specified residual strength, during and subse- quent to the failure of one element. 18.6 CREEP AND STRESS RUPTURE. Creep failure occurs when the ac- cumulated creep strain results in a deformation of the machine part that exceeds the design...
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Temperature cycling at constant stress level may also produce a variety of responses, depending on material properties and the details of the temperature cycle.. This approach is similar to the development of the Goodman diagram described in Section 18.5.4 except that instead of an intercept of cr u on the cr m axis, as shown in Fig. 18.64. 1 (18.79)....
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19.1 INTRODUCTION. Many factors contribute to the success of the quality consideration in engineering or mechanical design. 19.1 INTRODUCTION 475 19.2 TQMINGENERAL Total Quality Management 476 19.3 DEMING'S APPROACH TO. TQM 477 19.4 QUALITY IN THE DESIGN. 19.4.5 Taguchi's Quality Philosophy Summary and Kume's Approach for Process. Improvement 480 19.5 QUALITY TOOLS AND. 19.2 TQMINGENERAL. and "management"—are discussed separately below....
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20.1 INTRODUCTION. 20.1 INTRODUCTION 487 20.2 BASICRELIABILITY. NETWORKS Series Network Parallel Network k-out-of-n Unit Network Standby System 490 20.3 MECHANICALFAILURE. MODES AND CAUSES 491 20.4 RELIABILITY-BASED DESIGN 491 20.5 DESIGN-RELIABILITYTOOLS 492. 20.5.1 Failure Modes and Effects Analysis (FMEA Fault Tree 494. 20.5.3 Failure Rate Modeling and Parts Count Method Stress-Strength Interference. Theory Approach Network Reduction Method Markov Modeling Safety Factors...
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In such a situation it is the physical properties of the lubricant, notably the dynamic viscosity, that dictate the behavior of the contact.. They concluded that under such circumstances the chemical composition of the fluid is important, and they introduced the term "boundary lubrication.". Boundary lubrication is at the opposite end of the lubrication. SYMBOLS 508 21.1 LUBRICATION. Nonconformal Surfaces...
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(21.12) V ^ ^b I. (21.6) is normally involved in hydrodynamic lubrication situations, while Eqs.. 21.2 HYDRODYNAMIC AND HYDROSTATIC LUBRICATION. 21.2.1 Liquid-Lubricated Hydrodynamic Journal Bearings. 21.8 Journal bearing.. 21.15 Types of fixed-incline pad preloaded journal bearings. 21.15&. 21.15.. 21.15. 21.16 Effect of preload on two-lobe bearings. 21.17 Chart for determining whirl frequency ratio. 21.2.2 Liquid-Lubricated Hydrodynamic Thrust Bearings. 21.18. 21.18...
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and 21.64, respectively. 21.66 obtain R g . 21.3 ELASTOHYDRODYNAMICLUBRICATION. 21.3.1 Contact Stresses and Deformations. TT (21.38) Ry. 1 (21.40) a. (21.39. (21.12)]. —T^ (21.46). 21.69.. b = R x — (21.48). <r M = F — (21.51). 21.3.2 Dimensionless Grouping. (21.52) R x. 21.3.3 Hard-EHL Results. 21.70. 21.3.4 Soft-EHL Results. 21 (l - 0.85e. (21.39). a = -Z~ (kY'...
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21.97 that very little improvement in the lubri- cation factor F and thus in the fatigue life of the bearing could be achieved by further improving the minimum film thickness and hence A.. 21.4 BOUNDARYLUBRICATION. If the pressures in fluid-film-lubricated machine elements are too high, the running speeds are too low, or the surface roughness is too great, penetration of...
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22.1 INTRODUCTION. 22.2 STATICSEALS 22.2.1 Gaskets. Table 22.1 lists some common gasket materials and Table 22.2 1 lists common elastomer properties. 22.1 INTRODUCTION 629 22.2 STATICSEALS Gaskets O-Rings Packings and Braided. 22.3 DYNAMICSEALS Initial Seal Selection Mechanical Face Seals Emission Concerns Noncontacting Seals for. Table 22.1 Common Gasket Materials, Gasket Factors (m) and Minimum Design Seating Stress (y) (Table 2-5.1...