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37.1 INTRODUCTION. They control production lines and are beginning to take over control of the entire factory. The computer-integrated-manufacturing system (CIMS) is a reality in the modern industrial society. 37.1, CIMS combines computer-aided design (CAD), computer-aided manufacturing (CAM), computer-aided inspection (CAI), and computer-aided pro-. 37.1 INTRODUCTION 1187 37.2 DEFINITIONS AND. Operations 1190 37.3 NUMERICAL-CONTROL. 37.4 INDUSTRIAL ROBOTS Definition Robot Configurations...
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38.1 INTRODUCTION. 38.1 INTRODUCTION 1205 38.2 BULK MATERIAL HANDLING Conveying of Bulk Solids Screw Conveyors Belt Conveyors Bucket Elevators Vibrating or Oscillating. Conveyors Pneumatic Conveyors 1208 38.3 BULK MATERIALS STORAGE Storage Piles Storage Bins, Silos, and. Materials 1218 38.4 UNIT MATERIAL HANDLING Introduction Analysis of Systems for. 38.4.3 Identifying and Defining the Problem Collecting Data Unitizing Loads 1223 38.5 MATERIAL-HANDLING....
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38.16 Flow diagram.. These handling methods are implemented individually, or in combination, by commercially available material-handling equipment types.. 38.5 MATERIAL-HANDLING EQUIPMENT CONSIDERATIONS AND EXAMPLES 38.5.1 Developing the Plan. Once the material-handling problem has been identified and the relevant data have been collected and analyzed, the next step in the design process is to develop a plan for solving the problem....
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TABLE 39.1 CONVERSION. FACTORS 1247 TABLE 39.2 PHASE TRANSITION. ELEMENTS 1247 TABLE 39.3 PHASE TRANSITION. COMPOUNDS 1249 TABLE 39.4 THERMODYNAMIC. PROPERTIES OF LIQUID AND SATURATED. VAPOR AIR 1251 TABLE 39.5 IDEAL GAS. THERMOPHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF AIR 1252 TABLE 39.6 THERMOPHYSICAL. PROPERTIES OF THE U.S. ATMOSPHERE 1255 TABLE 39.7 THERMOPHYSICAL. PROPERTIES OF CONDENSED AND SATURATED VAPOR CARBON DIOXIDE FROM 200 K...
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39.4 Compressibility factor of Refrigerant 134a.. Table 39.16 Thermodynamic Properties of Saturated Sodium3. s = specific entropy (kJ/kg • K). cp = specific heat at constant pressure (kJ/kg • K. T P v h s cp (K) (bar) (rrvVkg) (kJ/kg) (kJ/kg-K) (kJ/kg-K IP Q S . Table 39.18 Thermophysical Properties of Saturated Steam /Water8 P T. cp = specific heat...
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FLOW THEORY 1303 40.8 DIMENSIONLESS NUMBERS. 40.1 DEFINITION OF A FLUID. 40.2 IMPORTANT FLUID PROPERTIES. 40.3 FLUID STATICS. 40.1 Constant linear acceleration. 40.2 Constant centrifugal acceleration.. 40.3 Barometer. 40.4 Open manometer.. 40.3.1 Manometers. 40.3, hb — (pa - pv)/yb m.. 40.3.2 Liquid Forces on Submerged Surfaces. 40.5 Differential manometer. 40.6 Flat inclined surface submerged in a liquid.. 40.7 Curved surfaces...
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41.1 INTRODUCTION. This facet is encapsulated in the first law of thermodynamics. The second aspect is the irreversibility of all processes (changes) that occur in nature. The analytical aspects (the formulas) of engineering thermodynamics are reviewed primarily in terms of the behavior of a pure substance, as would be the case of the working fluid in a heat engine or...
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42.1 INTRODUCTION. In this chapter, we review two important methods that account for much of the newer work in engineering thermodynamics and thermal design and optimization. Applied to the system components individually, exergy analysis shows us quantitatively how much each component contributes to the overall irre- versibility of the system.1"3. The entropy generated by the system is first developed as...
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43.1 SYMBOLS AND UNITS A area of heat transfer. HEAT TRANSFER FUNDAMENTALS G. 43.1 SYMBOLS AND UNITS 1367 43.2 CONDUCTION HEAT. Convection Heat Transfer on the Boundaries Transient Heat Conduction 1383 43.3 CONVECTION HEAT. 43.3.4 The Log Mean. Temperature Difference 1400 43.4 RADIATION HEAT. Properties of Gases 1415 43.5 BOILING AND. cf' rate of heat transfer per unit area, W/m2...
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43.3.4 The Log Mean Temperature Difference. 43.15. 43.15,. In other types of heat exchangers, where the values of the overall heat transfer coefficient. may vary over the area of the surface, the LMTD may not be representative of the actual average tem- perature difference. Figures 43.16 and 43.17 illustrate some examples of the correction factor, F, for various multiple-pass heat...
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44.1 FUNDAMENTALS OF COMBUSTION 44.1.1 Air-Fuel Ratios. The stoichiometry of basic chemical equation balancing permits determination of the air required to burn a fuel. If the oxygen for combustion comes from air, it is necessary to know that air is 20.99% O2 by volume and 23.20% O2 by weight, most of the remainder being nitrogen.. 1CH4 + 2(4.76)air —>. Table...
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COMBUSTION AIR 1459 45.7 THERMAL PROPERTIES OF. MATERIALS 1460 45.8 HEAT TRANSFER Solid-State Radiation Emissivity-Absorptivity Radiation Charts View Factors for. 45.9 FLUID FLOW Preferred Velocities Centrifugal Fan. 45.1 SCOPE AND INTENT. 45.2 STANDARD CONDITIONS. 45.2.1 Probable Errors. 45.3 FURNACE TYPES. Table 45.1 Symbols and Abbreviations A area in ft2. Table 45.2 Conversion of Metric to English Units Length. 45.5 FUELS...
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45.31 Gas radiation (Hr) and convection (Hc) coefficients for flue gas inside radiant tubes.1 perature. 45.9 FLUID FLOW. 45.32. 45.33 and 45.34. 45.35 as a function of the Reynolds number.. 45.36. 45.37 for a range of Reynolds numbers and equivalent diameters.. 45.9.1 Preferred Velocities. 45.32 Heat loss for flow of air or flue gas across tube banks at atmospheric pressure...
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46.1 INTRODUCTION. Gaseous fossil fuels include natural gas (primarily methane and ethane) and liquefied petroleum gases (LPG. Figure 46.1, adapted from Ref. 46.2 NATURAL GAS 46.2.1 Uses and Distribution. Although primarily used for heating, natural gas is also frequently used for power generation (via steam turbines, gas turbines, diesel engines, and Otto cycle engines) and as feedstock for making chemicals,...
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47.1 INTRODUCTION. Further processing (such as cracking, reforming, and alkylation) alters molecular structure of some of the hydrocarbons and enhances the yield and properties of the refined products.. (See Table 47.1.). the less hazardous is handling of the fuel. (Flash point is the minimum temperature at which the fuel oil will catch fire if exposed to naked flame. Properties of...
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48.1 INTRODUCTION 48.1.1 Nature. in the earth, consisting of a wide variety of physical and chemical properties.. While not generally considered a coal, peat is the first development stage in the "coalification". process, in which there is a gradual increase in the carbon content of the fossil organic material, and a concomitant reduction in oxygen.. 48.1.2 Reserves—Worldwide and United States....
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49.1 SOLAR ENERGY AVAILABILITY. 49.1.1 Solar Geometry. Figure 49.1 shows this inclination schematically.. 49.1 SOLAR ENERGY. Availability 1554 49.2 SOLAR THERMAL. 1 Flat-Plate Collectors Concentrating Collectors Collector Testing 1568 49.3 SOLAR THERMAL. 49.3.2 Mechanical Solar Space Heating Systems Passive Solar Space. Solar Thermal Processes 1576 49.4 NONTHERMAL SOLAR. 49.1 (a) Motion of the earth about the sun. 49.2 Definition of...
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50.1 INTRODUCTON. Geothermal energy is the internal heat of the Earth. For centuries, geothermal energy was apparent only through anomalies in the Earth's crust that allow the heat from the Earth's molten core to venture close to the Earth's surface. Hydrothermal convection systems, including both vapor-dominated and liquid-dominated systems. Conduction-dominated resources, including geopressured and radiogenic resources The three basic resource...
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51.1 ENERGY MANAGEMENT AND THE ENERGY AUDIT. In such cases a major recommendation of the energy audit will be to establish an energy management program.. The auditor then makes a survey of the facility. 51.1 ENERGY MANAGEMENT. AND THE ENERGY AUDIT 1591 51.2 PERFORMING AN ENERGY. ENERGY USE 1592 51.3 PERFORMING AN ENERGY. 51.3.1 Low-Cost Conservation Capital-intensive Energy. Conservation Measures...
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52.1 HEAT EXCHANGER TYPES AND CONSTRUCTION. 52.1.1 Shell and Tube Heat Exchangers. Coefficient Pressure Drop 1616 52.3 RATINGMETHODS 1616. 52.3.1 Shell and Tube. 52.3.4 Air-Cooled Heat. 52.2a. 52.2 TEMA E-type shell: (a) horizontal multitubepass. 52.3 TEMA F-type shell.. 52.4, is considered. 52.5, may be used. 52.4 TEMA J-type shell.. 52.5 TEMA X-type shell.. 52.9a to Fig. 52.9c.. 52.1.2 Plate-Type Heat...