- insight into the molecular mechanisms of somatic embryogenesis in Hevea brasiliensis. - Background: Somatic embryogenesis (SE) is a promising technology for plant vegetative propagation, which has an important role in tree breeding. - Full list of author information is available at the end of the article. - Somatic embryogenesis (SE) is a promising and rapid vegetative propagation technique for plant regeneration.. - reported that 11 AP2/ERF genes might act as expression markers linked to the different stages of the somatic embryogenesis process in rubber tree [14]. - However, the molecular regulation mechanisms of the late stage of rubber tree SE are still not well understood. - Induction of somatic embryogenesis. - The procedure of somatic embryogenesis and regener- ation in H. - At the end of the period, the embryogenic calluses (ECs) were obtained. - On average, 85.92% of the clean reads were mapped to H. - In CE vs. - SAUR71-like were highly expressed in AE than in CE. - JAZ5 was up- regulated in AE. - RAP2–12-like and WRI1-like were highly expressed in CE. - 3 Statistical analysis of the DEGs during SE stages. - WRKY40 and WRKY70 were up-regulated in CE and down-regulated in AE. - WRKY23 were highly expressed in AE than in CE. - AIL6 was highly expressed in CE than in AE. - bHLH93-like was highly expressed in CE. - CML13 and CML36 were up-regulated in CE but down-regulated in AE. - CAM-7 was up- regulated in CE but down-regulated in AE. - SERK1 was up-regulated in CE. - the FPKM of these somatic embryogenesis-related genes suggested that they were critical for H. - Histone modification is one of the most important epigenetic modifications and plays a key role in the regulation of gene expression [52]. - 7 Heatmap of the differentially expressed genes in hormonal signaling transduction (a) and putative pathway for AUX signaling (b).. - Ten of the eleven genes related to histone acetylation showed significant differential expression in CE vs. - 7 of the 13 genes related to histone deacetylation showed an obvious difference of expression in CE vs. - HDAC15-like and HDAC19 were highly expressed in CE. - The histone phosphorylation related genes (Aurora-1, Aurora-2 like, Aurora-3 and Aurora-3 like) were highly expressed in AE than in CE. - Many problems need to be re- solved and one of these could be a deep understanding of the molecular mechanisms involved either negatively o positively in the generation of the somatic embryos.. - 8 Analysis of the differentially expressed genes in CE, AE, MCE and WAE. - a Heatmap of the differentially expressed TFs and SE-related genes.. - b Heatmap of the differentially expressed in histone modifications. - The nature of the. - 9 qRT-PCR verification of the selected DEGs involved in EC, PE, CE, AE, MCE, and WAE. - GH3.1 was up-regulated in CE. - PgWRKY6 functioned in the development of embryogenic callus possibly through the signaling cross-link of auxins with reactive oxygen species in somatic embryogenesis [101]. - These finds indicates WRKY TFs have crucial role in the process of somatic embryogenesis. - In addition, AtEMK, a member of the AP2/ERF family, was ectopically expressed and promotes the initiation of somatic embryos in Arabidopsis and H. - Therefore, it will be of great interest to perform a global analysis of the epigenome architecture of somatic embryos in order to underlying the relationship of the expression of genes associated with SE and histone modification.. - Plant material and induction of somatic embryogenesis Plants of Hevea brasiliensis Muell. - cultivar (reyan 7–33-97) were planted in National Rubber Tree Varieties Resource Garden of the Chinese Academy of Tropical Agriculture Sciences, Danzhou, Hainan, China.. - Transcriptome libraries were constructed accord- ing to the instructions of the Truseq™ RNA sample preparation kit from Illumina (San Diego, CA). - The expression level of the unigenes was calculated by FPKM. - SE: Somatic embryogenesis. - SERK: Somatic embryogenesis receptor-like kinase. - The annotation of the top 20 expressed genes in EC, PE, CE, and MCE library, histone modifications related genes, hormonal signal transduction related genes, TFs, and SE-related genes were. - Studies on vegetative micropropagation of Hevea brasiliensis by somatic embryogenesis and in vitro microcutting. - Influence of growth regulators and sucrose on somatic embryogenesis from immature inflorescence of Hevea brasiliensis (Muell. - Plant regeneration via somatic embryogenesis from root explants of Hevea brasiliensis. - Somatic embryogenesis as key technology for shaping the rubber tree of the future. - Influences of aging and cloning methods on the capacity for somatic embryogenesis of a mature Hevea brasiliensis genotype. - Some ethylene biosynthesis and AP2/ERF genes reveal a specific pattern of expression during somatic embryogenesis in Hevea brasiliensis. - Whole transcriptome profiling of maize during early somatic embryogenesis reveals altered expression of stress factors and embryogenesis-related genes. - RNA-seq screening of differentially- expressed genes during somatic embryogenesis in Fragaria x ananassa Duch. - Decoding regulatory landscape of somatic embryogenesis reveals differential regulatory networks between japonica and indica rice subspecies. - De novo comparative transcriptome analysis provides new insights into sucrose induced somatic embryogenesis in camphor tree (Cinnamomum camphora L. - Global scale transcriptome analysis reveals differentially expressed genes involve in early somatic embryogenesis in Dimocarpus longan Lour. - Leafy cotyledon genes are essential for induction of somatic embryogenesis of Arabidopsis. - AGAMOUS-Like15 promotes somatic embryogenesis in Arabidopsis and soybean in part by the control of ethylene biosynthesis and response. - The BABY BOOM transcription factor activates the LEC1-ABI3- FUS3-LEC2 network to induce somatic embryogenesis. - Wuschel overexpression promotes somatic embryogenesis and induces organogenesis in cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) tissues cultured in vitro. - Alterations in the transcriptome of soybean in response to enhanced somatic embryogenesis promoted by orthologs of Agamouslike15 and Agamous-like18. - Alterations in the transcriptome of soybean in response to enhanced somatic embryogenesis promoted by orthologs of Agamous- like15 and Agamous-like18. - Gene regulation by the AGL15 transcription factor reveals hormone interactions in somatic embryogenesis.. - Three MADS-box genes of Hevea brasiliensis expressed during somatic embryogenesis and in the laticifer cells. - Heterologous expression of the BABY BOOM AP2/ERF transcription factor enhances the regeneration capacity of tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L. - The transcription factor MtSERF1 of the ERF subfamily identified by transcriptional profiling is required for somatic embryogenesis induced by auxin plus cytokinin in Medicago truncatula.. - The transcription factor MtSERF1 may function as a nexus between stress and development in somatic embryogenesis in Medicago truncatula. - Factors influencing somatic embryogenesis induction and plant regeneration with particular reference to Arabidopsis thaliana (L.) Heynh.. - Epigenetic regulation and gene markers as signals of early somatic embryogenesis. - Structural characterization and expression analysis of the SERK/SERL gene family in rice (Oryza sativa). - De novo assembly and comparative analysis of the transcriptome of embryogenic callus formation in bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L. - Metabolome and transcriptome association analysis reveals dynamic regulation of purine metabolism and flavonoid synthesis in trans differentiation during somatic embryogenesis in Cotton. - and stress tolerance in avocado somatic embryogenesis. - Transcriptome profiling reveals auxin and cytokinin regulating somatic embryogenesis in different sister lines of cotton cultivar CCRI24. - Carbohydrate-mediated responses during zygotic and early somatic embryogenesis in the endangered conifer, Araucaria angustifolia. - Somatic embryogenesis in conifers: the role of carbohydrate metabolism. - Hormonal control of the shoot stem-cell niche. - Auxin gradients trigger de novo formation of stem cells during somatic embryogenesis. - The role of auxins in somatic embryogenesis of Abies alba. - Immuno-cytochemical localization of indole-3-acetic acid during induction of somatic embryogenesis in cultured sunflower embryos. - Complex regulation of the TIR1/. - Functional genomic analysis of the AUXIN/INDOLE-3-ACETIC ACID gene family members in Arabidopsis thaliana. - Comprehensive genome-wide analysis of the Aux/IAA gene family in eucalyptus: Evidence for the role of EgrIAA4 in wood formation. - Genome-wide identification, Functional analysis and expression profiling of the Aux/IAA gene family in tomato. - Evolution analysis of the Aux/IAA gene family in plants shows dual origins and variable nuclear localization signals. - Effects of carbohydrate addition on the induction of somatic embryogenesis in Hevea brasiliensis. - Transcriptome analysis indicates that GmAGAMOUS-Like 15 may enhance somatic embryogenesis by promoting a dedifferentiated state. - Functional characterization of a WRKY family gene involved in somatic embryogenesis in Panax ginseng. - Control of somatic embryogenesis and embryo development by AP2 transcription factors. - Enhanced somatic embryogenesis in Theobroma cacao using the homologous BABY BOOM transcription factor. - The Arabidopsis SOMATIC EMBRYOGENESIS RECEPTOR KINA SE 1 gene is expressed in developing ovules and embryos and enhances embryogenic competence in culture. - Characterization of a ZmSERK gene and its relationship to somatic embryogenesis in a maize culture. - Characterization of three somatic embryogenesis receptor kinase genes from wheat, Triticum aestivum. - Regulation of somatic embryogenesis in higher plants.. - Epigenetic regulation of auxin-induced somatic embryogenesis in plants. - Keeping the gate closed: Functions of the polycomb repressive complex PRC2 in development. - Involvement of the histone acetyltransferase AtHAC1 in the regulation of flowering time via repression of FLOWERING LOCUS C in Arabidopsis. - Histone deacetylase interacts with a WRKY transcription factor to regulate the expression of the small rubber particle protein gene from Hevea brasiliensis
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