Transcriptomic, proteomic and ultrastructural studies on salinity-tolerant Aedes aegypti in the context of rising sea levels and arboviral disease epidemiology
- ultrastructural studies on salinity-tolerant Aedes aegypti in the context of rising sea levels and arboviral disease epidemiology. - fundamental biological interest and important for controlling arboviral diseases in the context of rising sea levels increasing coastal ground water salinity.. - beach litter, coastal wells) in the Jaffna peninsula of Sri Lanka [9–11], with fresh, brackish and saline water defined as containing <. - aegypti, have also recently been observed to develop in coastal BW in the Jaffna peninsula . - The findings from these studies are re- ported here in the context of the biology of salinity tolerance in Ae. - Transcripts for some cuticle proteins, notably RR-2s, are greatly increased in the L4 of salinity-tolerant Ae. - aegypti RNA-seq analysis resulted in 30,485 transcripts being mapped in the gut, anal papilla and carcass of Ae.. - Fewer transcripts were strongly decreased with FC ≤ 0.01 in the three structures, including mRNAs for two serine/threonine protein kinases in carcass, nine serine/. - 100 or ≤ 0.01 in either anal papilla, carcass or gut, had different expression levels in the three structures, with extreme differences in transcripts for four RR-2s and one RR-1 that had FC >. - All cu- ticle protein genes in Table 2 only showed a single tran- script in the RNA-seq analysis. - Some transcripts with top ten rpms in the three structures in FW are expressed with FC <. - 100 in BW Ae. - accompanied by large FCs in the top ten transcripts in BW L4 when compared with the top ten transcripts in FW L4. - transcripts in BW L4 were either unchanged or modestly increased in the case of MAP2K, Jun kinase, Jun, and Kras GTPase with more marked increases in Rho GTPase (Additional file S4).. - The transcript for the ecdysis- triggering hormone was increased in all three structures in BW L4. - Transcripts from 135 cytochrome P450 genes were iden- tified in the RNA-seq analysis (Additional file S1). - gambiae (FCs 14–71) were markedly increased in all three structures in BW L4 (Additional file S4). - The majority of transcripts were either unchanged or modestly increased in the three structures in BW. - 0.1), and anal papilla (FC 0.4) in BW L4 (Additional file S2) with neither protein detected in shed L4 cuticles (data in ProteomeXchange repository).. - A V-type ATPase in the apical membrane that moves H + out, a Cl − /HCO3 − exchanger that takes up Cl. - and a Na + /K + ATPase located in the basal membrane of the anal papilla epithelium were identified as relevant trans- porters [34]. - The expression of AQPs1–6 in the anal pa- pilla was reported to be unaffected in Ae. - aegypti and the difference in the two observations requires further investigation. - Detection of V-type ATPase and Na + /K + ATPase subunits in both BW and FW cuticles in the proteomic analysis may be due to traces of epithelial membrane in shed cuticles.. - In contrast, there was a prominent increase in the transcript for a cationic amino acid transporter in anal papilla with smaller increases in gut and carcass in BW L4. - These findings suggest that ion transporters and AQPs in the different L4 structures function in the de- velopment of salinity-tolerance in Ae. - A cuticle covers the external larval surface of larvae and the gut lumen excluding the midgut, and is also present in the tracheal lumen. - aegypti are characterised by changes in protein com- position, including those of cuticle proteins, in the L4 cuticle.. - 298 proteins represent- ing ~ 2% of all proteins coded in the An. - aegypti L4, particularly in the exter- nal surface cuticles present in the carcass and anal papilla. - We sep- arately discuss below the likely accompanying changes in the envelope and epicuticle that can also reduce cuticle permeability in BW L4. - The ob- served rise in the mRNA levels for both types of proteins in BW L4 is consistent with increased synthesis of cu- ticle components. - Greater impermeability in the body wall cuticle of salinity-tolerant Ae. - Together with the marked increase in cuticulin transcripts, these tran- scriptomic findings suggest that augmentation of the water proofing epicuticle and its waxy envelope in the body wall, and possibly also the tracheal system, is im- portant for salinity tolerance in Ae. - Changes in the composition of cuticulins in the epi- cuticle, lipids in the waxy envelope, cuticle proteins (notably of RR-2s) in the procuticle, OPACs and chi- tin suggested by the transcriptomic and proteomic findings indicate that the cuticle structure is altered in BW L4. - The TEM observations are also consistent with changes in the structure of external procuticles in BW L4, including their lamellae and Bouligands that are formed from chitin microfibrils and chitin- binding cuticle proteins such as RR-2s [40, 45]. - The marked changes in the levels of many other tran- scripts in BW L4 may make both cuticle-related and cuticle-independent contributions to salinity tolerance in Ae. - aegypti populations in coastal areas and an increase in the transmission of arboviral diseases. - albopictus and anophe- lines recently detected in the Jaffna peninsula . - aegypti in the rapidly salinizing Jaffna peninsula [16]. - The spread of the salinity-tolerant trait in the peninsula is shown by Ae. - aegypti collected in FW ovitraps in the peninsula demonstrating a higher LC 50 for salinity than those col- lected from mainland Sri Lanka [9]. - aegypti is characterized by dif- ferences in the comparative transcriptomics profiles of gut, anal papilla and carcass, notably for cuticle and cuticle-associated proteins, as well as signalling pathway. - The observations in the principal global arbo- viral vector Ae. - aegypti have fundamental biological and multiple epidemiological implications in the context of rising sea levels caused by climate change expanding coastal brackish water habitats. - aegypti were established with larvae collected from BW and FW habitats in the Jaffna peninsula of Sri Lanka [16], respectively. - 100 or ≤ 0.01 in gut, anal papilla and carcass in BW and FW Ae. - https://doi.. - Genetic evidence for the origin of Aedes aegypti, the yellow fever mosquito, in the southwestern Indian Ocean. - doi.org/10.1111/mec.15590.. - https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-ento . - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.antiviral . - 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