- The change of leaf color is closely related to the synthesis and accumulation of anthocyanins in leaves. - The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. - If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. - To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.. - The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data.. - BMC Genomics https://doi.org/10.1186/s x. - Result showed that the change of leaf color is closely related to the synthesis and accumulation of anthocyanins in leaves [5]. - However, most of the researches mainly focused on f fruit color [9] and petal color [10–12], and anthocyanin biosynthesis in colored-leaf plants has rarely been researched prior to this study. - This study provides a theoretical basis for studying the molecular mechanism of leaf color in A.. - Contents of anthocyanin in the leaves. - pseudosieboldianum leaves, we carried out qualita- tive analysis of anthocyanin components in the middle (M) and last stage (A) of leaf color transformation (The anthocyanin content was extremely low in early stage (B), Therefore, only M and A stage were analyzed). - The contents of Rosinidin O-hexoside and Pelargonidin 3-O-beta-D-glucoside in the leaves were both very low. - Peonidin O-hexoside and Cyanidin 3, 5- O-diglucoside, especially Cyanidin 3, 5-O-diglucoside in the leaves were abundantand, and displayed significant differences at two periods, meaning they may be the key substances for the final color of A. - Unigene sequence was then compared with gene se- quences in the NR, Swiss-Prot GO, COG, KOG,. - 12,984 unigenes were annotated in the COG database and 19,460 unigenes were annotated in the GO, KEGG, and KOG databases respectively. - 25,226 unigenes were annotated in the Pfam database. - 19,796 unigenes and 32,498 unigenes were also annotated in the Swan- shot and eggNOG databases respectively (Table 2).. - The results showed that there were 16,521 DEGs in the three color-changing periods of A.. - In order to further understand the function of these re- spective DEGs, we carried out KEGG pathway enrichment analysis in the three stages of A. - Our results showed that there were 16,521 differentially expressed genes in the three stages (B, M and A). - Candidate genes involved in the anthocyanin biosynthesis Pathway. - Four PAL genes (c118011.graph_c0, c118229.graph_c0, c60818.graph_c0, c97964.graph_c0), one CHS gene was detected (c100615.graph_c0), one CHI gene (c108255.graph_c0), two F3H genes (c114916.graph_c0, c56266.graph_c0) were detected in the upstream phenylalanine pathway, and two F3’H genes (c110935.graph_c0, c108910.graph_c0), one ANS genes, two DFR genes, and six GT genes also detected in the downstream phenylalanine pathway. - In the 31 MYB genes, 17 were up-regulated and 14 down regu- lated (Additional file 6: Table S5). - In the 15 bHLH genes, 6 were up-regulated and 9 down regulated. - In the Table 2 Statistics of comparisons with databases. - a E-value distribution in the NR database for each unigene.. - The results showed that all of these selected genes had similar expression patterns than identified in the RNA sequencing data (Fig. - pseudosiebol- dianum , which was still in the wild state or in scenic for- ests, and are rarely used in urban greening even if the maple leaves are red and beautiful in autumn and have high ornamental value.. - The change of anthocyanin content in plants was shown to be related to the differential ex- pression of key genes encoding structural enzymes in the anthocyanin biosynthesis pathway [10]. - DFR and ANR were identified in the flavonoid biosyn- thesis pathway from the purple bud tea plant by tran- scriptome sequencing [33]. - We detected four PAL , one CHS , one CHI , two F3H , two F3’H , one F3’5’H , two DFR , one ANS , and six UFGT genes in the flavonoid anthocyanin complex related to leaf color in A. - F3’H is an important intermediate in the synthesis of cyaniding, and F3’5’H is a key enzyme in the synthesis of blue flower anthocyanin. - F3’5’H mainly accumulated in the blue waterlily [11]. - The main function of ANS is to oxidize colorless proanthocyanidins to pro- duce colored anthocyanidins, which are the first colored compound in the anthocyanin synthesis pathway [37].. - pseudosiebol- dianum leaves first accumulated and then was con- sumed in the process of leaf color formation, which was consistent with the conclusion that UFGT consumption was needed for paeoniae anthocyanin synthesis.. - It was found that PqMYB113 was a transcription factor promoting anthocyanin syn- thesis in the leaves of peony, while PqMYB4 was a tran- scription factor inhibiting anthocyanin synthesis in the leaves of peony. - In this study, we found that ApMYB4 gene was down-regulated in the stage of green to red transformation, which is consistent with the previous re- search results, indicating that ApMYB4 gene may be a transcription factor promoting anthocyanin synthesis in A. - In this study, five anthocyanins were detected in the leaves of A. - This study provides a theoretical basis for the formation of leaf color in A.. - In the process of differential expression analysis, the Benjamini−Hochberg method was used to correct the significance p-value of the ori- ginal hypothesis test, so as to reduce the false positives in independent statistical hypothesis testing for a large number of gene expression values. - In the screening. - The online version contains supplementary material available at https://doi.. - org/10.1186/s x.. - JQZ and JSC participated in the experiments. - The funding agencies were not involved in the experimental design of the study, data collection, analysis and interpretation or writing the manuscript.. - Raw-reads data were deposited in the NCBI Sequence Read Archive (SRA) with accession number of PRJNA596335. - https://doi.org/10.3 724/SP.J . - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ufug . - https://doi.org/1 0.13610/j.cnki.1672-352x . - https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms19051471.. - 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