Dynamic accumulation of fatty acids in duck (Anas platyrhynchos) breast muscle and its correlations with gene expression

- Background: Fatty acid composition contributes greatly to the quality and nutritional value of meat.
- However, the molecular regulatory mechanisms underlying fatty acid accumulation in poultry have not yet been cleared.
- The aims of this study were to characterize the dynamics of fatty acid accumulation in duck breast muscle and investigate its correlations with gene expression..
- Results: Here, we analyzed the fatty acid profile and transcriptome of breast muscle derived from Pekin ducks and mallards at the ages of 2 weeks, 4 weeks, 6 weeks and 8 weeks.
- Our results showed that fatty acid composition was similar between the two breeds before 6 weeks, but the compositions diverged greatly after this point, mainly due to the stronger capacity for C16:0 and C18:1n-9 deposition in Pekin ducks.
- Cluster analysis of these DEGs revealed that the genes involved in oxidative phosphorylation, fatty acid degradation and the PPAR signaling pathway were upregulated in mallard at 8 weeks.
- Moreover, correlation analysis of the DEGs and fatty acid composition traits suggested that the DEGs involved in lipogenesis, lipolysis and fatty acid β -oxidation may interact to influence the deposition of fatty acids in duck breast muscle..
- Conclusions: We reported the temporal progression of fatty acid accumulation and the dynamics of the transcriptome in breast muscle of Pekin ducks and mallards.
- Our results provide insights into the transcriptome regulation of fatty acid accumulation in duck breast muscle, and will facilitate improvements of fatty acid composition in duck breeding..
- Keywords: Lipid metabolism, Fatty acid profile, Duck, Breast muscle, Transcriptome.
- its fatty acid composition are important factors determin- ing meat quality, by affecting flavor, juiciness, tenderness, muscle color and overall liking [1–3].
- Therefore, ways to manipulate the fatty acid composition of meat are valuable..
- In addition, fatty acid compositions are heritable traits, with heritability ranging between 0.2 and 0.6 in various popu- lations of pigs [11, 12].
- However, the fatty acid composition of IMF in ducks and the under- lying molecular mechanisms remain poorly understood..
- The accumulation of fatty acids in muscle is a dynamic process that is regulated by multiple biological processes, including lipogenesis, fatty acid uptake and fatty acid β- oxidation [17–20].
- Large efforts have been made to iden- tify the genes and gene networks associated with fatty acid composition traits in pigs and cattle [21–23].
- The integration of transcriptomic data and fatty acid pro- files over a time course can increase our understanding of lipid accumulation in the breast muscle of poultry..
- To explore the genes and pathways associated with fatty acid composition in ducks, we analyzed the fatty acid profile and transcriptome of breast muscle of Pekin duck and mallard at the ages of 2 weeks, 4 weeks, 6 weeks and 8 weeks.
- The investigation of gene expression patterns and their correlations with fatty acid composition traits suggested that the increased IMF content in Pekin duck is the result of multiple metabolic processes rather.
- We assessed the temporal progression of lipid accumula- tion in the breast muscle of Pekin ducks and mallards by measuring the fatty acid profiles at four developmental time points ranging from 2 weeks to 8 weeks post-hatch (2 weeks, 4 weeks, 6 weeks, 8 weeks).
- Gas chromatog- raphy analysis were performed to characterize the fatty acid profiles of breast muscle, and 20 fatty acids were detected (Fig.
- The fatty acid compositions of the two breeds were relatively similar to each other before 6 weeks, but differed greatly at 8 weeks.
- Principal component analysis (PCA) of fatty acid concentration revealed that the two breeds could be clearly separated into different clusters at 2 weeks and 8 weeks, but not at 4 weeks or 6 weeks (Fig.
- These re- sults suggest that both genetics and developmental stages may influence the fatty acid composition of duck breast muscle..
- Effects of sex on fatty acid composition of duck breast muscle.
- For the relative content, the duck sex has no influence on the major fatty acid and fatty acid groups in both Pekin duck and mallard at al- most all time point (P >.
- The duck sex showed no influence on the composition of major fatty acids and fatty acid groups in both Pekin duck and mallard (P >.
- Moreover, the speed of fatty acid accumulation is exactly the opposite of muscle fiber hypertrophy.
- These fatty acids are mainly the products of de novo fatty acid biosynthesis and Δ 9 -desaturase.
- b Percentage of major fatty acid species at different developmental stages.
- c PCA analysis of fatty acid content at different development stages.
- 2 Dynamics of major fatty acids and fatty acid groups in breast muscle of Pekin ducks and mallards (means ± SD, n = 9 or 10).
- and fatty acid desaturase were absent from the enrich- ment analysis of the 10 significant profiles.
- A total of nine fatty acid composition traits (C16:0, C18:0, C18:1n-9, C18:2n-6, C20:4n-6, SFA, MUFA, PUFA and TFA) and 2024 DEGs were subjected to Pearson correlation analysis, which revealed 18,216 gene–trait correlations (Additional file 6).
- As a complementary approach to the single gene correlation analysis, we further investigated the correl- ation between network modules with the fatty acid composition traits.
- We calculated the correlation be- tween module eigengene and nine fatty acid composition traits.
- Our result showed that the mod- ule MEblue and MEbrown significantly correlated with five fatty acid composition traits(C16:0, C18:2n- 6, SFA, PUFA and TFA).
- Expression regulation of lipid metabolism related genes and its correlations with fatty acid composition traits The focus of the present study was on identifying the underlying mechanisms associated with differences in fatty acid accumulation between Pekin duck and mal- lard.
- A closer examination were conducted for expres- sion regulation of genes involved in fatty acid uptake, lipogenesis, lipolysis and β-oxidation (Fig.
- The correlation between expression level of these gene and fatty acid composition traits was vari- able (Additional file 6).
- Collectively, our re- sults indicate that the regulation of fatty acid accu- mulation in duck breast muscle involves both lipogenesis and lipolysis..
- Fatty acid composition contributes importantly to meat quality and is essential to the nutritional value of the meat.
- However, system-based understanding of fatty acid accumulation in poultry meat is lacking.
- For the present study, we reported for the first time the temporal pro- gression of fatty acid accumulation in duck breast muscle and explored the correlations between fatty acid composition traits and global gene expression..
- We compared the com- position of fatty acid between male and female ducks and found that it was really difficult to make a clear con- clusion about the influence of duck sex on fatty acid composition of breast muscle.
- Previous reports about the influence of duck sex on the fatty acid composition of breast meat were also conflict.
- Some studies have demonstrated that duck sex has no influence on the fatty acid composition of breast meat [29, 30].
- Each column corresponds to a specific fatty acid composition trait.
- Principal component analysis (PCA) of fatty acid con- centration in this study revealed that both breeds and developmental stages have an influence on the depos- ition of fatty acids in duck breast muscle.
- In the present study, we observed that the contents of major fatty acids and fatty acid groups decreased dramatically from 2 weeks to 4 weeks, which was in agreement with a previ- ous report on mule ducks [31].
- In the present study, all the ducks were reared under the same conditions, suggesting that the different fatty acid profiles of the two breeds were mainly due to genetic vari- ation between them.
- Expression regulation of genes involved in fatty acid uptake.
- Fatty acid uptake in muscle is dependent on metabolic demands and lipid availability.
- Several genes have been reported to be involved in fatty acid uptake in skeletal muscle, including LPL, fatty acid transport pro- tein 1 (FATP1), CD36 and FABP3 [35, 36]..
- Therefore, it was difficult to build a correlation between the genes involved in fatty acid uptake and the higher content of fatty acid in breast muscle of Pekin duck than mallard..
- De novo fatty acid synthesis (also referred to as de novo lipogen- esis) occurs from the generation of C16:0 by the FASN in.
- A previous study reported that SCD can have a strong effect on fatty acid composition within skeletal muscle by converting SFA into MUFA [20].
- a – c Expression levels (CPM values) as determined from RNA-seq of genes involved in (a) fatty acid uptake, b lipogenesis, c Lipolysis and fatty acid β -oxidation.
- Expression regulation of genes involved in lipolysis and fatty acid β -oxidation.
- The degradation of fatty acids involves the activation of long-chain fatty acids, carnitine transport and fatty acid β-oxidation [36].
- 8 Correlations of selected genes with fatty acid composition traits.
- expressed at higher levels in mallards than in Pekin ducks at 8 weeks, indicating that PPARGC1A may play a role in promoting fatty acid oxidation of duck breast muscle (Fig.
- Therefore, it can be concluded that mallards have higher rates of lipolysis and fatty acid β-oxidation than do Pekin ducks, and that PPARGC1A may function in the regulation of genes involved in these processes..
- In summary, we reported the temporal progression of fatty acid accumulation and the dynamics of the tran- scriptome in breast muscle of Pekin ducks and mallards..
- Correlation analysis of the abundance of DEGs and fatty acid composition traits re- vealed that CEBPA and PPARGC1A may function as reg- ulators of lipogenesis, lipolysis and fatty acid β-oxidation and thereby influence the deposition of fatty acids in duck breast muscle.
- Our results provides insights into the transcriptomic regulation of fatty acid accumulation in duck breast muscle, and will facilitate the improve- ment of fatty acid composition in duck breeding..
- Measurement of fatty acid composition and oil concentration.
- The meat powder was analyzed for fatty acid compos- ition using a gas chromatograph.
- Oil concentration was calculated as the sum of all identi- fied fatty acid concentrations with percentage.
- In addition, fatty acids were indexed as groups of saturated, monounsaturated, polyunsaturated fatty acid, total of saturated fatty acid (SFA), total monounsaturated (MUFA), total of polyunsaturated (PUFA), total of omega 3 (n-3) and total of omega 6 (n-6).
- The calculation of vari- ous fatty acid groups are described as follows: SFA = C14:.
- Correlation analysis of fatty acid composition traits and DEGs.
- Pearson correlation coefficients were calculated for the abundance of fatty acids or fatty acid groups and DEGs using pearsonr function in the Python package scipy.- stats.
- A total of nine fatty acid composition traits (C16:0, C18:0, C18:1n-9, C18:2n-6, C20:4n-6, SFA, MUFA, PUFA and TFA) of 78 individuals and 2024 DEGs were subjected to Pearson correlation analysis.
- We assessed the relevance of co- expression modules with nine fatty acid composition traits using the Spearman ’ s correlation of the module eigengene with the trait.
- Additional file 1 Fatty acid profiles in breast muscle of Pekin ducks and mallards at ages of 2 weeks, 4 weeks, 6 weeks and 8 weeks..
- Additional file 3 Dynamics of fatty acids and fatty acid groups in breast muscle of Pekin ducks and mallards (means ± SD, n = 9 or 10).
- Correlations of fatty acid composition traits and DEGs..
- MUFA: Monounsaturated fatty Acid.
- PUFA: Polyunsaturated fatty Acid.
- SFA: Saturated fatty Acid.
- TFA: Total fatty acid.
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