Sexual dimorphism and sex-biased gene expression in an egg parasitoid species, Anastatus disparis

- Sexual dimorphism and sex-biased gene expression in an egg parasitoid species, Anastatus disparis.
- Background: Differences in the expression of genes present in both sexes are assumed to contribute to sex differences including behavioural, physiological and morphological dimorphisms.
- For enriching our knowledge of gender differences in an important egg parasitoid wasp, Anastatus disparis (Hymenoptera: Eupelmidae), sex-biased differences in gene expression were investigated using Illumina-based transcriptomic analysis..
- Results: A total of 15,812 resulting unigenes were annotated, and a large set of genes accounting for 50.09% of the total showed sex-biased expression and included 630 sex-specific genes.
- Gene Ontology (GO) enrichment analyses showed that the functional categories associated with sex-biased genes were mainly related to reproduction.
- It is often as- sumed that most of these phenotypic differences are me- diated by differences in the expression of genes present in both sexes [4, 5].
- This differential gene expression may involve a significant proportion of the genome [7–10].
- have shown that many of the sex-biased genes in these species are female biased.
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- Sex-biased genes differ between non-haplodiploid and haplodiploid.
- In most species, the male and female ge- nomes differ in the genes located on sex-specific chro- mosomes (such as the Y chromosome of mammals) [4, 5].
- Furthermore, sex-biased genes in haplodiploid spe- cies, e.g., Nasonia spp., involve a significant proportion of the genome and a greater proportion than observed in species with sex chromosomes [41]..
- It has been consid- ered a potential biological control agent of the gypsy moth in North America [43, 45].
- Females can live more than 1 month in the field and lay hundreds of eggs over their lifetime, while males live for only approximately 5–7 days and exhibit frequent and extreme fighting behaviour to acquire mat- ing opportunities .
- In the present study, the sexually di- morphic traits of this parasitoid wasp (e.g., longevity,.
- Thus, we expected that transcriptome data could provide a molecular background and knowledge on the male fighting behavior, and potential candidate genes for future studies of the molecular and evolutionary mecha- nisms underlying extreme fighting.
- Sex-biased genes.
- 0.05 were defined as significant sex-biased (SB) genes [41].
- disparis were found, accounting for 50.09% of the total Table 1).
- gambiae [13, 14] showed that many an- notated sex-biased genes were female-biased.
- membrane) is likely due to the requirements of the sperm axoneme structure [11].
- many subcategories of the biological process (BP) cat- egory were assigned to genes encoding proteins involved in ribosomal function, translation initiation, and DNA replication, which might be related to egg production in females .
- Sex differences in flyability, longevity and aggression Several other of the identified SB genes provide insight into sexually dimorphic traits of A.
- disparis and include candidate genes that can be studied in the future.
- Furthermore, studies of aphids have revealed that trehalase and seryl-tRNA synthetase, which are involved in the conversion of tre- halose to glucose [55] and tRNA metabolic processes [56], respectively, are related to flightless morphs.
- In the present study, the transcriptome data showed that genes encoding trehalase (c23296.graph_c0) and seryl-tRNA synthetase (c66701.graph_c0) were highly expressed in (flightless) females.
- In the wild, A.
- In addition, we found that 2 genes encoding vitellogenin Table 1 Summary of number of annotating genes in sex-biased categories.
- Sex-biased expression category Criteria Number Proportion.
- In addition, vitellogenin plays an important role in antioxidant function related to queen longevity and is highly upregulated in the queens of diverse eusocial in- sect taxa [59–62]..
- c70505.graph_c4) was highly expressed in males and might play a role in the high-intensity male fighting in A.
- 3 Sex differences in expression of the annotated genes vestigial, nubbin, trehalase and seryl-tRNA synthetase, which are involved in flyability, as determined by qRT-PCR.
- The expression of genes determined through qRT-PCR was calculated by the 2 -ΔΔCt method using the housekeeping gene EF1A as a reference to eliminate sample-to-sample variation in the cDNA samples.
- The annotated genes in thus study could serve as candidate genes in future studies of the molecular and evolutionary mechanisms underlying dangerous fighting..
- However, a total of 630 sex-specific genes were found in our species (Table 1), ac- counting for 3.98% of all of the annotated genes, with the criteria for being considered sex specific being an FPKM<.
- 2 in the other [41].
- In the present study, 518 (Table S3) and 112 (Table S4) were fe- male- and male-specific genes, respectively..
- Many of the male-specific genes that were functionally annotated were found to be related to venom acid phos- phatases, cytochrome P450 and chitinase, suggesting functions in detoxification, defence and mate choice [41].
- male-specific genes encoding ejaculatory bulb-specific protein (Table S4, c52066.graph_c0) are specifically expressed in the ejaculatory bulb and seminal fluid..
- disparis, sex-biased differences in gene expression were investigated using Illumina-based transcriptomic ana- lysis.
- The analysis revealed that a large set of genes ac- counting for 50.09% of the total showed sex-biased expression (Table 1).
- disparis is a haplodip- loid species with no sex chromosomes, approximately half of the genes in adults exhibit SB expression.
- Generally, the majority of sexually dimorphic traits are assumed to arise from differences in the expression of.
- Δ9-Desaturases play important roles in the synthesis and sexual dimorphism of sex pheromones in D.
- In addition, transcriptomic analysis revealed that ac- counting for 3.98% of all of the annotated genes were.
- The expression of genes determined through qRT-PCR was calculated by the 2 -ΔΔCt method using the housekeeping gene EF1A as a reference to eliminate sample-to-sample variations in the initial cDNA samples.
- The venom of parasitoid wasps is important for the successful development of the progeny.
- For example, venom protein rVPr1 from the endoparasitoid Pimpla hypochondriaca can help control two pest insects, Lacanobia oleracea and Mamestra brassicae, in the field by suppressing the mounting of haemocyte-mediated immune responses [80, 81].
- The analysis revealed a large set of genes showing sex-biased expression, including a few sex-specific genes.
- GO enrich- ment analyses showed that the functional categories asso- ciated with sex-biased genes were mainly related to reproduction.
- The majority of sexually dimorphic traits are assumed to arise from differences in the expression of genes present in both sexes [4, 5].
- Anastatus disparis colonies were first established from a population reared on Lymantria dispar egg masses col- lected in the wild and subsequently maintained on Antheraea pernyi eggs [43, 44].
- disparis adults emerge daily in the morning, primarily from 9:00 a.m.
- The expression of genes determined through qRT-PCR was calculated by the 2 -ΔΔCt method using the housekeeping gene EF1A as a reference to eliminate sample- to-sample variations in the initial cDNA samples.
- Non-denaturing agarose gel electrophoresis and a Nano- drop 2000 spectrophotometer (Thermo Scientific, USA) were used to assess the quality and quantity of the iso- lated RNA, respectively.
- The A260/280 values were all above 2.0, and electrophoresis of the RNA samples dem- onstrated that the 28S and 18S rRNA were intact..
- The Q30 percentage was higher than 88.72% for each sample, indicating the high quality of the sequences.
- the N50 size of the unigenes was approximately 715 bp, and the mean unigene length was 570.38 bp (Table S8)..
- The GOseq R package [86] was used to determine the statistical enrichment of DEGs in the GO subcategories, and an adjusted Q-value <.
- The expression levels of the DEGs identified in the tran- scriptomic analysis were evaluated by qRT-PCR.
- The housekeeping gene translation elongation factor 1-α (EF1A) was used as a reference to eliminate sample-to- sample variation in the initial cDNA samples..
- Annotated sex biased genes related to sex- pheromone synthetic enzymes..
- SB: Sex-biased.
- This article does not describe any studies with human participants or animals performed by any of the authors..
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