- Structure of the Presentation •Methodologyand analytical framework •Key findings: -Economic development -Human development -Governance &. - •Bank led analysis of the two available datasets (VHLSS2004 and WVS). - Key findings Economic Development •Agricultural services do not meet women’s needs, especially ethnic and rural women. - •Women in general lack access to formal sources of capital. - Key findings Economic Development (cont’d) •Women’s work in the informal sector is under valued and under remunerated. - •Women in the informal sector lack employment/social protection •Women provide most care services, ie. - •Women migrants lack access to information and basic social services. - •Gender difference in retirement ages and negative implications for men and women. - Key findings Human Development •High enrolment rate for both men and women, but gender gap is widening at higher education •Wide variation between regions in gender gap in education •Ethnic groups and people in remote areas still lack access to education and health services. - •There is no system in place for managing gender based violence effectively. - Key findings Governance and politics •Women’s participation in leadership / politics is not increasing. - •Women are not usually leaders at higher levels within the public / private sector. - •National agencies working on gender are women’s agencies. - •Lack of transparent and fair recruitment and promotion to ensure gender equality.. - Women in Vietnam National Assembley (Information Center, National Assembley 2007) 0%. - Priority Gender Issues Priorities have been identified through the analysis of the existing environment. - •Women’s care service work is undervalued and unregulated. - and •Women’s low participation in decision-making and leadership. - Gender issues in the existing environment. - Women’s employment and skills •Women have poor access to decent jobs, promotion, and skill development. - Women’s employment, skills and the environment Research and Data •Lack of research on informal sector. - •Lack of personnel management systems within public and private sectors. - •Gender equality policies are not well implemented at lower levels. - Institutions •Lack of institutional capacity for integrating gender into development activities •Work place associations/unions are weak and do not meet men’s and women’s needs. - •Lack of vocational education and training options for women especially in rural areas.. - Women’s employment, skills and the environment Resources and Information •Lack of resources for women’s skill development. - Attitudes •There is a perception that it is not worth investing in women who are over 40 years. - Key Recommendations Strategic and systematic changes in the area of human resource management within the public administration to ensure that decision making processes for recruitment, promotion, training opportunities and benefits are transparent, fair and improve opportunities for women. - Recommendations (cont’d) Allocation of resourcesfor training and skills development which promote the participation of women in employment, especially ethnic minorities, women in rural areas, young women working in the informal sector and migrant men and women.. - Women’s care work •Care work is often women’s work •Women’s care work is unregulated and under paid. - •Women’s care work makes them vulnerable to exploitation. - •Women are both the clients and providers of care work. - •The demand for care work is increasing due to lifestyles, increased life expectancy and changing health problems.. - Women’s care work Resources and Information •Few resources have been allocated to care work. - •Reduction in the national budget for childcare Attitudes •Traditional attitudes and behaviors position women within Vietnamese society as carers. - •Care work is usually carried out in the home or by family members. - Care work and the environment Research and Data •There is a lack of information on women engaged in paid care work. - This is largely due to the informal nature of women's paid care work. - Policies •Except for childcare policies, there are no comprehensive policies for care work. - The national budget does not attribute a monetary value to women's care work in urban and rural areas.. - Care work and the environment (cont’d) Institutions •Few public and private institutions and services provide adequate low cost care work. - •The situation is worse in rural areas •Care provided by the VWU, public health system or education system is considered inadequate and insufficient to meet the needs of men and women.. - Key Recommendations Conduct researchon care work focus on the numbers of women/men engaged in the industry, the working conditions and the needs. - certification, registration or licensing of care workers in the informal sector.. - Key Recommendations (cont’d) Increase the availability and quality of low cost care services, esp. - Provide professional trainingon different care work professions such as aged care, child care and caring for the disabled. - Gender based violence and factors in the environment Research and data •There is limited information and data on domestic violence. - •There is a lack of data on the incidences of trafficking, and the impacts of trafficking on families, victims and those who have returned. - Policies •Domestic Violence Law 2007. - –Decree 08/2009/ND-CP on implementation of DVL •Gender Equality Law 2006. - Gender based violence and factors in the environment (cont’d) Institutions There are few institutions working abroad for Vietnamese victims of trafficking. - Information and resources •There is a lack of information and resources dealing with gender based violence in Vietnam.. - Recommendations Improve existing services, such as health, policing and courts, which deal with domestic violence through provision of training, information and support and resources.. - Recommendations (cont’d) Develop new servicesto meet the needs of sufferers and abusers of domestic violence. - Risk Behavior •Abortion rate one of the highest in the world. - •Risks associated with young men and women migrating to urban areas. - •Risks associated with unmarried and young men and women having unprotected sex.. - RiskBehavior and the Environment Research and data •There is little quantitative or empirical research on risk taking behaviors among men and women. - Policies •Policies related to risk behavior including HIV and reproductive health are not adequately address problem of young people who engage in risk behaviors. - RiskBehavior and the Environment (cont’d) Institutions •Institutions such as education and health institutions cannot meet the needs of groups who engage in risk taking behaviors. - Information and resources •There is a lack of information on sexual and reproductive health issues reaching young single women and men, and ethnic groups.. - Riskbehavior and the environment (cont’d) Attitudes, norms and behaviors •Social evils concept promotes the idea that HIV positive people are not part of the mainstream. - •The acceptability of men engaging in extramarital sex places men and women at risk of STIs and HIV. - Riskbehavior and the environment (cont’d) •Women often place the health of their family members before their own, especially when the health concern is stigmatized or considered socially undesirable. - •Allocate resourcesfor information about sex and injecting drug use to young men and women who may not be classified as at high risk of HIV/AIDS.. - Women in decision-making and leadership •Women are not well represented, especially at local government. - •Outside of the public sector there is limited support for gender equity. - •Women’s organizations have limitations.. - Women in leadership and environment Research and data •National organizations have data on gender issues. - •There have been no comprehensive investigations of the success of CFAWs. - Women in leadership and factors within the environment •Institutions •Institutions are not supporting women in leadership. - Women are not being supported through training opportunities, promotion. - •Women are not competing on an equal playing field with men. - •Broad mandates for each organization which leads to a lack of clarity in terms of scope. - •Both organizations have a lack of technical expertise and human resources. - •The location of the NCFAW within the structure of government is debated. - •There is inconsistent support from leadership level within ministries for CFAWs.. - Women in leadership and factors (cont’d) •Information and resources •There is a lack of resources being allocated to increase women's role in leadership. - •Attitudes, norms and behaviors •Women’s organizations have a broad reach and are respected in society. - Recommendations Revise laws and policies to remove sex based discrimination, for example retirement age, promotion and training, recruitment for men and women are equal. - Provide specificpolicies to close the gender gap in leadership and politics, such as targets, quotas and forward planning. - •Increaseresourcesfor activities which encourage women in leadership such as funds for women candidates during elections and funding for more full time positions within the parliament.