- in Agriculture.. - The analysis of the reasonability in The analysis of the reasonability in nutrition intakenutrition intake food output increase dose not lead to food output increase dose not lead to the reasonability in nutrition intakethe reasonability in nutrition intake becausebecause Households lack information of Households lack information of nutrition value of different kinds of foodnutrition value of different kinds of food The poor ’ s access to food resources is The poor ’ s access to food resources is difficult due to low income and highdifficult due to low income and high food pricesfood prices. - Education level, especially mothers inEducation level, especially mothers in the familiesthe families. - Poverty and malnutrition Poverty and malnutrition In Vietnam poverty/ low income isIn Vietnam poverty/ low income is the major cause for malnutritionthe major cause for malnutrition The remarkable increase in income The remarkable increase in income pf the malnutrition groups can solvepf the malnutrition groups can solve the problemsthe problems The increase in income of the poor The increase in income of the poor households in developed economyhouseholds in developed economy take timetake time. - Part 2 Part 2 Integrating gender into Integrating gender into agriculture development agriculture development planningplanning. - Some definition (the law of Some definition (the law of gender inequality prevention) gender inequality prevention) Gender Gender : characteristics, position, role of : characteristics, position, role of male and female in social relationship male and female in social relationship Sex Sex : the biographical characteristics of : the biographical characteristics of male and female male and female Gender equality Gender equality : is the social : is the social environment in which female and male environment in which female and male have equal rights to work, participate in, have equal rights to work, participate in, reach their potential and promotereach their potential and promotefrfrthethe community development and receive thecommunity development and receive the equal benefits from the developmentequal benefits from the development. - Gender equality objectives Gender equality objectives gender inequality is the universal issues, one of gender inequality is the universal issues, one of the causes of poverty increase and sustainedthe causes of poverty increase and sustained development prevention of a nation, a people anddevelopment prevention of a nation, a people and human beingshuman beings Objectives: Objectives: Abolish gender inequality, gender discrimination Abolish gender inequality, gender discrimination and create equal opportunities for male andand create equal opportunities for male and female in sociofemale in socio--economic development and reacheconomic development and reach true gender equality true gender equality Establish, strengthen the cooperation relationship Establish, strengthen the cooperation relationship between male and female in all facets of social between male and female in all facets of social and family lifeand family life. - The difference between “women in The difference between “women in development development --WID” and “gender andWID” and “gender and development GAD”development GAD” equality and sustainability inequality and sustainability in development and decisiondevelopment and decision-- makingmaking. - The unequal relationship between The unequal relationship between male and female, the rich and themale and female, the rich and the poor) prevents the equal poor) prevents the equal development opportunities anddevelopment opportunities and participation of womenparticipation of women. - Women are abandoned Women are abandoned in the development in the development process while theyprocess while they accounts for half of accounts for half of labor resourcelabor resource. - The harmonious relationship The harmonious relationship between male and femalebetween male and female Issues directly relate to Issues directly relate to womenwomen emph emph asisasis. - Human beings is the center of Human beings is the center of developmentdevelopment Women have little Women have little participation inparticipation in developmentdevelopment. - Gender equality is the important Gender equality is the important development goaldevelopment goal Gender and development in the Gender and development in the interrelationship between male and female interrelationship between male and female is basic and closely attached to social is basic and closely attached to social development development If the relationship is maintained it will If the relationship is maintained it will promote the productivity enhancement promote the productivity enhancement and encourage both male and femaleand encourage both male and female contribute more to national development contribute more to national development =>. - Gender integration Gender integration Gender integration is a new approach to Gender integration is a new approach to attach gender issues to institution, attach gender issues to institution, policies, programs of local and ministerial policies, programs of local and ministerial level level Gender integration is to change people’s Gender integration is to change people’s way of thinking and action to fully solveway of thinking and action to fully solve the causes of inequality and promotethe causes of inequality and promote human resourceshuman resources. - Integrating gender into planning Integrating gender into planning Guarantee the equal opportunities for Guarantee the equal opportunities for individual development,participation inindividual development,participation in and benefit from planning proceduresand benefit from planning procedures Consider carefully the interrelationship Consider carefully the interrelationship between gender and development inbetween gender and development in planning procedures.planning procedures. - the manifestation of integrating gender the manifestation of integrating gender ibtoibto development planningdevelopment planning Attach the gender, address, condition of the subjects to the target to concentrate on Find the causes and influence factors of issues to seek practical solutions. - Why integrates gender in planning? to enhance the efficiency of planning and the social equality Propose feasible solutions to gender inequality Determine the subjects of plans and concentrate on enhancing the efficiency of the plan Support the weak to develop and create social equality. - Gender relating characteristics in Gender relating characteristics in Vietnam agricultureVietnam agriculture about 57% labor in agricultureabout 57% labor in agriculture Female workers: Female workers: Concentrate on unchangeable working Concentrate on unchangeable working condition(rice production) and rarelycondition(rice production) and rarely participate in diversify plansparticipate in diversify plans Rarely participate in small or medium0sizedRarely participate in small or medium0sized nonnon--agricultural companiesagricultural companies Lack access to bank credit, skills etcLack access to bank credit, skills etc Lack time due to houseworkLack time due to housework. - Gender equality strategies for rural Gender equality strategies for rural areasareas Create equal chances for male and female in diversify agriculture production and encourage companies operated in rural areas Create equal access to agricultural encouragement services, skill training courses, etc. - Create equal access to land resources and bank credit Encourage the gender equality and female decision- making. - Gender issues need to be considered in planning 1. - The rights for participating and decision- making: Women accounts for a large number of agriculture workers as men tend to move to non- agricultural work) Women spend more time in production activities and housework, especially Women of the minority Women are not fully recognized in local government, thus their reputation is limited Men undersign the certificate of land ownership, so they still make decision on land usage. - Gender issues need to be considered in planning 2. - The rights for development Female is often competed by male in job opportunities in agricultural work which is suitable for female Male dominates the access to skill-training resources and tools Few of women participates in some agricultural encouragement activities Women in rural areas are not trained and then lose job opportunities. - Gender issues need to be considered in planning 3. - Access to capital resources Limited access to bank credit due to no pledge and the biased opinions of funding organizations in favor of male Demand for the guarantee of local councils for non-guarantee loan Micro credit of women;s organization in combined with other activities such as education or family planning Complicated procedure of loaning and women’s lack of confidence in asking for credit loan. - The solutions for agriculture planning withThe solutions for agriculture planning with the integration of genderthe integration of gender Have training courses for female about the opportunities and rights of choosing official bank services Have plan of training about cattle- breeding techniques, farming methods for agriculture officers Instruct the application of advanced technology in agriculture in gender equality orientation. - The solutions for agriculture planning with The solutions for agriculture planning with the integration of genderthe integration of gender Establish collect units for female and non- agriculture labor in rural areas Support retail trading agencies. - The solutions for agriculture planning with The solutions for agriculture planning with the integration of genderthe integration of gender Create big loans for female and supporting services of necessary production methods and trading skills Establish credit guarantee fund Traingender sensibilityfor funding agency officers Write down the name of both wife and husband in the certificate of land ownership(renewable). - Some intervention methods Some intervention methods agricultural expansion encouragement services should aim at female, hold training courses for female and girls Increase the quality and quantity of agriculture encouragement officers in the social orientation. - integrating gender issues in planningintegrating gender issues in planning implementation periodimplementation period After plan has been approved, build detailed action plan to reach the targets Build program/projects to fulfill the project objectives. - the desired results of integrating gender the desired results of integrating gender and agriculture development projectsand agriculture development projects Increase the equal participation of female in decision-making and resource distribution Create equal access and control of both male and female in development opportunities, resources and achievements Recognize the equal position of female to male Have equal people’s right. - the desired results of integrating gender the desired results of integrating gender and agriculture development projectsand agriculture development projects Improve the living standard and living quality for male and female Evaluate Poverty reduction achievement through indexes especially in areas of problematic gender issues Enhance the socio-economic efficiency and sustained growth. - 3.2.Integrating gender issues into 3.2.Integrating gender issues into development projectsdevelopment projects Gender analysis in 5 stages of project period Gender analysis is a method if collecting and analyzing project activities for male and female in a particular area. - ThroughGender analysis, data of positive and negative influences on male and female are collected. - 3.3.the content of gender issue 3.3.the content of gender issue analysisanalysis Who is the subject of the project? What are the resources for project activities?. - The project subjects is the individuals or groups who will benefit from or influenced by project activities. - The subject should be analyzed in terms of : Gender Age Ethnic group Social status Living conditions. - The methods of gender issues 3.4. - The methods of gender issues analysis and projectsanalysis and projects gender issues analysis by answering the following gender issues analysis by answering the following questions questions Project title Place and duration of project The objectives of project The objective determiners The objectives reflect the participation of and benefit received by male and female or not The subjects of project is female or male The reason for choosing subjects. - The methods of gender issues analysis and projectsanalysis and projects The main project activities and activity determiner The subjects of project activities for which gender and groups The sources for project implementation Female or male is the user and controller of project resources The discussion between male and female to decide resource-relating matters and the level of female participation in decision-making. - The methods of gender issues analysis and projectsanalysis and projects Who benefits and who is responsible for losses The different levels of benefiting from project between gender and groups. - The indexes for evaluating the achievement of The indexes for evaluating the achievement of integrating gender issues in agricultureintegrating gender issues in agriculture 1.The percentage of male and female participates in agricultural and fishagricultural and fish--breeding expansionbreeding expansion encouragement encouragement 2.The content of gender awareness is integrated in a number of agriculture encouragement officers 3.The content of agricultural expansionagricultural expansion encouragement encouragement programs is suitable for agricultural activities of male and female farmers or not 4.The rate of agriculture officers over the total agriculture officers over the total number of femalenumber of female. - The indexes for evaluating the achievement of The indexes for evaluating the achievement of integrating gender issues in agricultureintegrating gender issues in agriculture)) 5. - The ability of women’s access to production tools in compared with men 6. - The decision making rights of female in households after participating in agricultural agricultural expansion encouragement expansion encouragement programs