- conducting tissues of the tree and uses the water and minerals it obtains from these tissues to support its own growth.. - Since parasites generally evolve to do as little harm to their host as possible and the host is combating the negative effects of the parasite, they might eventually evolve to the point where the host is not harmed at all. - The tree is not harmed or helped, but the orchid needs a surface upon which to establish itself and also benefits by being close to the top of the tree, where it can get more sunlight and rain. - Some mosses, ferns, and many vines also make use of the surfaces of trees in this way.. - In the ocean, many sharks have a smaller fish known as a remora at- tached to them. - Remoras have a sucker on the top of their heads that they can use to attach to the shark. - When the shark feeds, the remora frees itself and obtains small bits of food that the shark misses. - The shark does not appear to be positively or negatively af- fected by remoras.. - Some species of Acacia, a thorny tree, provide food in the form of sugar solutions in little structures on their stems. - Certain species of ants feed on the solu- tions and live in the tree, which they will protect from other animals by attacking any animal that begins to feed on the tree. - The bacteria do not cause disease but provide the plants with nitrogen- containing molecules that the plants can use for groWth. - The nitrogen- fixing bacteria benefit from the living site and nutrients that the plants provide, and the plants benefit from the nitrogen they receive.. - sucker: an adaptation for sucking nourishment or sticking to a surface nodules: growths in the form of knots. - refation>hips are 11kely to be more destructive than those that have a long evolutionary history. - It is not in the parasite's best interest to lull its host. - Parasites that live on the surface of their hosts are known as ectoparasites. - A tapeworm lives in the intestines of its host where it is able to resist being digested and makes use of the nutrients in the intestine.. - It establishes itself on the surface of a tree when a bird transfers the seed to the tree. - It then grows down into the water- conducting tissues of the tree and uses the water and minerals it obtains from these tissues to support its own growth.. - The shark does not appear to be positively or negatively affected by remoras.. - The bacteria do not cause disease but provide the plants with nitrogen- containing molecules that the plants can use for growth. - The word -in the passage is closest in meaning to. - The word V in the passage refers to GD host. - The word in the passage is closest in meaning to comparatively. - Which of the sentences below best expresses the information in the highlighted statement in the passage? The other choices change the meaning or leave out important information.. - The word in the passage is closest in meaning to GD permit. - C8) They digest food in the intestines of their hosts.. - O They live on the nutrients in their bacterial hosts.. - Which of the following is mentioned as an example of a commensal relationship?. - The word- in the passage is closest in meaning to C D frequently. - In paragraph 7, why does the author use the example of the Acacia tree?. - C D It causes many of the plants to die.. - O It supplies nitrogen to the crops.. - Four squares ( n ) indicate where the following sentence can be added to the passage.. - They live on the feathers of birds or the fur of animals.. - Where would the sentence best fit into the passage?. - In which of the following chapters would this passage most probably appear?. - Complete a summary of the passage by choosing THREE answer choices that express the most im- portant ideas. - The other three sentences do not belong in the summary because they express ideas that are not in the passage or they are minor points that are not as important as the three major points. - a Bacteria provides plants with nitrogen while deriving nutrients from the plants.. - Follow the directions on the page for computer- assisted questions.. - The invention of writing en- abled records to be kept, and the use of metals marked a new level of human control over the environment and its resources. - Although copper was the first metal to be utilized in producing tools, after 4000 B.c., craftspeople in western Asia discovered that a combi- nation of copper and tin produced bronze, a much harder and more durable metal than copper. - By the beginning of the Bronze Age, the concentration of larger numbers. - of people in the river valleys of Mesopotamia and Egypt was leading to a whole new pattern for human life.. - Historians have identified a number of basic characteristics of civilizations, most of which are evident in the Mesopotamian and Egyptian civilizations. - (2) a distinct religious struc- ture: the gods were deemed crucial to the community's success, and professional priestly classes, as stewards of the gods' property, regulat- ed relations with the gods. - (3) new political and military structures: an organized government bureaucracy arose to meet the administrative demands of the growing population while armies were organized to gain land and power. - Since civilizations developed independently in India, China, Mesopotamia, and Egypt, can general causes be identified that would explain why all of these civilizations emerged? A number of possible explanations of the beginning of civilization have been suggested. - A theory of challenge and response maintains that challenges forced human beings to make efforts that resulted in the rise of civilization.. - But the area of the Fertile Crescent, in which Mesopotarni- an civilization emerged, was not naturally conducive to agriculture.. - Although copper was the first metal to be utilized in producing tools, after 4000 B.c., craftspeople in western Asia discovered that a combi. - By the beginning of the Bronze Age, the concentration of larger numbers of people in the river valleys of Mesopotamia and Egypt was leading to a whole new pattern for human life.. - (2) a distinct religious structure: the gods were deemed crucia'l to the community's success, and professional priestly classes, as stewards of the gods' property, regulated relations with the gods. - (3) new political and military struc- tures: an organized government bureaucracy arose to meet the admin- istrative demands of the growing population while armies were orga- nized to gain land and power. - Since civilizations developed independently in India, China, Mesopotamia, and Egypt, can general causes be identified that would explain why all of these civilizations emerged? A number of possible explanations of the beginning of civilization have been. - A theory of challenge and response maintains that chal- lenges forced human beings to make efforts that resulted in the rise of civilization. - But the area of the Fertile Crescent, in which Mesopotamian civilization emerged, was not naturally con- ducive to agriculture. - Which of the following is the best definition of a civilization?. - The word in the passage refers to. - The word -in the passage is closest in meaning to GD frequently. - a To give an example of a civilization. - GD Mesopotamian and Egyptian civilizations exhibit the majority of the characteristics identified by historians.. - GD The characteristics that historians have identified are not found in the Egyptian and Mesopotamian cultures.. - GD The identification of most historical civilizations includes either Egypt or Mesopotamia on the list.. - The word ,m in the passage is closest in meaning to O fundamental. - The word in the passage is closest in meaning to O weak. - According to paragraph 4, how can the independent development of civilization in different geo- graphic regions be explained?. - GD Scholars agree that food surpluses encouraged populations to be concentrated in certain areas.. - CD There are several theories that explain the rise of civilization in the ancient world.. - O The model of civilization was probably carried from one region to another along trade routes.. - All of the following are cited as reasons why civilizations developed EXCEPT GD Religious practices unified the population.. - a Extra food resulted in the expansion of population centers.. - indicate where the following sentence can be added to the passage. - What are some of the qualities that define a civilization?. - In brief, the modem scientific method is an organized approach to explaining observed facts, with a model of nature, subject to the con- straint that any proposed model must be testable and the provision that the model must be modified or discarded if it fails these tests.. - A fact is supposed to be a statement that is objectively true. - For example, we consider it a fact that the Sun rises each morn- ing, that the planet Mars appeared in a particular place in our sky last night, and that the Earth rotates. - Facts are not always obvious, as illus- trated by the case of the Earth's rotation. - For most of human history, the Earth was assumed to be stationary at the center of the universe. - For example, when we say that the Sun rises each morning, we assume that it is the same Sun day after day-an idea that might not have been accepted by ancient Egyptians, whose mythology held that the Sun died with every sunset and was re- born with every sunrise. - Nevertheless, facts are the raw material that scientific models seek to explain, so it is important that scientists agree on the facts. - In the context of science, a fact must therefore be some- thing that anyone can verify for himself or herself, at least in principle.. - Ptolemy's model of the universe was useful because it predicted future locations of the Sun, Moon, and planets in the sky. - However, although the Ptolemaic model remained in use for nearly 1,500 years, eventually it became clear that its predictions didn't quite match actual obsemations-a key reason why the Earth-centered model of the universe finally was discarded.
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