- Klatt, was the state-of-the-art. - In 1977, 30 years after the appearance of the sound spectrograph, J. - Additional spoken editing of the text demands the presence of all words in the actual dictionary.. - The architecture of the system is shown in Figure 1. - Lee, A., “The Julius book”, http://julius.sourceforge.jp, 2009. - A thorough discussion and conclusion of the chapter is provided in section 7.. - ‘readout’ neurons, instead of the complete network of recurrent neurons. - An abstract overview of the Liquid State Machine is shown in Fig. - While a readout function f M maps the state of the liquid x(t) into a target output y(t).. - A detailed design flow of the reservoir classification engine is shown in Fig. - This figure shows different steps involved in the investigation of the speech. - 11, most of the neurons in the reservoir are active which shows an ordered activity in response to the input stimulus. - Each frame consists of the total number of neurons in the reservoir sampled at the rate of 25 ms.. - (19989): Anatomy of the Cortex: Statistics and Geometry, Sprin ger- Verlag.. - The absorption coefficient of the room boundaries a is defined as [Kuttruff, 2000]. - is the feature vector of the t’th frame (t here is a discrete time index), where N is the number of MFCC coefficients.. - T − 1 (7) where μ is the sample mean of the series c 0. - .N, σ n is the sample STD of the series c 0 n. - The computation of the parametric PDFs is much simpler in this case. - The feature space of the GMMs in Fig. - Hence, the Gaussian means of the GMM come closer together. - where M is the order of the model λ M , N is the number of feature vectors in the realization X, and d is the feature vector dimension. - where IC is one of the information criteria defined above.. - Experimental study of the effect of GMM order on SVR. - The present research is concerned with the development of the body-conducted speech recognition portion of this system. - 2.3 Recognition experiments 2.3.1 Selection of the optimal model. - Accelerator position The upper left part of the upper lip. - Figure 10 shows an outline of the speech support system for disorders.. - 3.2.1 Advantages of the system. - Effectiveness of the retrieved speech with respect to the frequency component and the ability to hear it.. - Here, we discuss the effectiveness of the system for healthy people only. - 3.5 Investigation of the effectiveness of transfer function with speech. - One of the words is ”Asahi (/a/, /sa/, /hi. - Here we discuss details of the results of the retrieval experiment. - Real time TV subtitling service as one of the emerging services (Lambourne et al., 2004;. - In the second case are acoustic models for filled pauses part of the main speech recognition decoding process. - therefore it is a member of the first category vowels. - Properties of the BNSI Broadcast News database are given in Table 3.. - Similar improvement of accuracy was achieved with the AM2 acoustic models, when LM1 and LM2 language models were used – the accuracy was 62.96% and 62.98% respectively. - There was almost no influence of the language model type on the normally accented speech recognition performance. - “Basic Structure of the UMB Slovenian Broadcast News Transcription System”, Proc. - then, each component of the ASR system can be adjusted for non-native speech.. - Second, the native acoustic models of the target language are sufficient for adapting acoustic models for non-native speech.. - The procedure of the acoustic model interpolation method is as follows:. - s i K indicate the states of the corresponding interpolation partners of the state s i. - c indicate the mixture weights of the states of the corresponding interpolation. - partners of the state s i . - For the non-native acoustic models (p interpolated ) of a phoneme, the target language acoustic models (p target_language ) for the phoneme are then interpolated based on the mother tongue acoustic models (p mother_tongue ) of the corresponding mapping phoneme, using the equation of. - The main procedure of the modified MLLR adaptation method is as follows:. - Reconfiguration of the adapted acoustic models. - From the figure, the five steps of the procedure are as follows:. - The goal of the proposed confusability measure defined in Eq. - Therefore, the normalized number of a word’s sequence can be used as a measure of the confusability.. - As a training set for the baseline ASR system, we used a subset of the Wall Street Journal database (WSJ0) (Paul et al., 1992). - The performance of the baseline ASR system was tested using the two evaluation sets.. - 1.1 Relevance of the research and development of speech technologies. - Microsoft SAPI – The Speech Application Programming Interface or SAPI is an API developed by Microsoft to allow the use of speech recognition and speech synthesis within Windows applications. - Media Resource Control Protocol – The Media Resource Control Protocol (MRCP) is a protocol proposed by the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF), which has the goal of standardising computer dialogues between the ASR and TTS with interactive voice response (IVR). - Communication protocol of the AlfaNum IP server. - Some of the innovative applications of ASR in Serbia will be described in the fol- lowing sections.. - Distribution of the average distance between the reference recording and the received signal. - The functioning of the AlfaNum Word Spotter is based on the phoneme-based, speaker in- dependent speech recognition system, AlfaNum ASR. - Transition diagram of the AlfaNum Word Spotter. - A segment of the graphical user interface of the AlfaNum Word Spotter. - The latest version of the library (Mišković et al., 2006) is multilingual, taking full advantage from. - Internal organisation of the Audio library. - The functionality of the application (connecting to the database and performing queries) is realised through ODBC (Open Database Connectivity) drivers for MySQL. - In the latest version of the system, grammars are defined at the initialisation of the IVR application. - The iTEMA project thus represents material support to the e-inclusion programme of the EU.. - Internal architecture of the iTEMA system 4.3 Computer games for the visually impaired. - Synthesised speech can be used in the game itself more or less, depending on the type of the game. - Most of the speech captured in the telephone part can be categorized as semi-spontaneous. - Further the number of speakers is also significantly bigger then in the weather part of the database. - In the first stage we collected texts from TV NEWS at the internet site of the national TV (HTV). - Development of the Croatian speech recognition system.. - The severe under training of the model can be a real problem in the speech recognition system performance (Hwang et al., 1993). - Language model is an important part of the speech recognition system. - N(w i-1 ,w i ) is the frequency of the word pair (w i-1 ,w i. - N(w i-1 ) is the frequency of the word w i-1. - where H(L) represents the entropy of the language and is approximated by:. - One part of the database (71%) was used for acoustic modelling and parameter estimation of context dependent phone models, while a smaller part (29%) of the database was used for recognition. - An overview of the high-level speech synthesis module.. - Each of the words w i has a corresponding tag list:. - and its actual tag t i is one of the t ij , j = 1, 2. - each of the existing partial hypotheses. - Instead of the standard 5 vowels in Serbian i.e. - The number of HMM states per model is proportional to the average duration of all the instances of the corresponding phone in the training database (e.g. - The level of the state similarity depends on the similarity of its contexts. - The tree of the phonetic similarity. - Mark with Si the i-th HMM state of the phone Ph (i is the indicator of state position in left-to-right HMM topology as well). - Flowchart of the tying procedure.. - Final recognition of the sequence of feature vectors normalised by the VTN coefficient estimated in the previous step. - None of the methods M3-M6 results in the increase of the likelihood of word sequence. - The M4 method represents a robust version of the M3 method. - α ∈ [0,1] of the OWA operator is defined as:. - Neither of the proposed algorithms is language dependent.. - In fact, practically all applications of speech technologies in the countries of the Western Balkans (Pekar et al., 2010) are based on ASR and TTS components described in this chapter.. - Proceedings of the 3 rd Conference on Applied Natural Language Processing, pp. - Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation, pp. - Proceedings of the DARPA Speech and Natural Language Workshop, pp