- tiifii^ ngft Ui n ^ cd (^nh vd nghid cfla diung khdng till suy ra tft n^hla cfla cfic tiidnh td ciu tgo.. - vilt: "Theo cficfa hilu thdng tfiudng tfil tfifinh ngft Ifi mpt logi td fapp cd djnfa, bin vibig vl falnfa tfadi - ciu tiuc, faofin dilnh, bdng ba^ ve n g ^ dupc sft dyng rpng rfii trong gjao tilp hfing ngdy, d$c bift Id tiong khmi i^;tt". - Trong tiiyc tl sft dyng thfinh ngQ, cfaflng ta vin ggp nhQng cich ddng thfinh i ^ vi jrfigm cic nguyfin tfie cfta tinh cd ^nh vfta dupc nfiu ti^. - [5], bien till dupc djtili nghTa nfau sau: "Biln thl chfnh Ifi dilu nfiy khfic vdi dieu kia d bhih difn hlnh thdi nhu Id cich vilt khdc nhau faay pfadt dm kfadc nfaau cfta cflng mdt tft. - Nhu v^y, mft tft dupc phfit fim theo hai cdch s6 tgo ra cdc biln thl ngtt dm cfla tir dd. - Hai tdc gid nfiy dd ddng nhit biln thl thanfa ngtt vd thfinh ngQ ddng ngfaia vdi nhau.. - khic nhau. - Diu hi$u cua biin thi Oiinh ngtt Irong ChOng ta c6 die dl ding nh$n fliay cic diinh t6 cila m$t fliinh ngd tiing Anh <. - Bien flii diinh ngd trong tiing Anh li d ^ g thdc khic cua thinh ngd nhung n$i dung cOa chOng 1^1 dui;x. - gid nguygn so vdi cic diinh ngd gic. - Ngoii ra, trcmg ding Anh cdng c6 cic bien flii diinh ngd khic nhau v7tr$t ty diinh t6 d u t|o (on andcffvkitffand on). - Cic b i ^ dil fliinh imd khic nhau vi biin die ngd Im cua cic thinh td ciu t^o: chdn nhau dt ron - chdn rau cit ron, bay binh bo trgn - bdi binh bdtrdn, budn nhtr trdu cin - buSn nhu chdtl cdn, dn sdu nglui ning - an sou nglvua ning bit mSi chua sgch-vdl mm chua sgch, nim chdu bin be- ndm chiu bdn biin,.... - H k h thdi cua biln thl thdnh ngii' 3.1. - Hinh thdi cua biin thi thdnh ngit trong dit^Anh. - I) Biin ffti thdnh ngft thay doi trgt He thdnh to cau tgo: Cdc bien till tiifinfa ngtt tiiay C^i tofin bd trgt ty tiifinh td ciu tgo cd tdn tgi trong tilng Anh nfaung lgi rit hiem. - Tv^ nfaidn, cic bien tfae tiifinfa n ^ tiiay ddi m$t pfain ti^ ty tiifinh td ciu tgo Igi khfi ^Xi bien trong tieng Anfa, d ^ bift ifi cfic dfng ngtt (vi tii cfla tfin ngtt thay £^i): let one's hair down - let down one's hair, laugh one's headoff- lau^ off one's head. - dd&ychi&ngtii cung can hit sflc can tii$n vdi cic tiudng fapp kfafic, difing hgn, cfaflng ta cd till ndi black and white nhung 1^ khdng tiie ndi white and black vi kfai trgt ty tiifinfa td tfaay ddi lam cbo ngfaid cfla chung cung. - Cfic tiifinfa td b{ mit £ cfta m$t difinh ngft cd till Id thanfa pfain vj ngQ (a bird in the hand is worth two in a bush/a bird in the hand), dpng ngtt (swallow a bitter pill/a bitter piii), faogc tinfa ngtt {with (no) strings cOtachedfwiUi. - iv) Bien thi thdnh ngit cd thdnh ti cdu tgo Aigc. - ii) Biin thi thdnh n^ they doi trgt tg thdnh ti cau tgo vd rut gpn: Mpt so Ifafinh td cfla mpt tiifinfa ngQ thay ddi vd ddng tiidi m$t tiifinfa td kfadc mit (fi cQi^ tgo ra cdc bi^i till tiifinfa ngQ mdi (i^im tiifinh ngQ khdi^ tiiay ddi). - Vf dy. - dgng ddy duvdnit gpn: Trong mdt sd tiudng fapp, do tfadnh ngft Id cfic bilu tfaftc dupe till cfae hda ndn mdt sd tiifinfa td cfta tfafinfa ngQ cd till dupc bd di (Fernando vd Flavell 1981) [6]. - Dieu nfiy cd nghTa Id cic biln thl thfinh ngtt kfadng cdn tdn tgi d dgng diy dft nfau cfic tfafinfa ngtt gde nib.. - Logi biln till tiifinfa rigft ndy tiiudng dupc sft dyng trong giao tilp fafing n ^ y vfi nfaftng tiifinfa td b) mit di dupe ngim hilu Id. - tdn tgi. - thay thi bdng tit n^ dong nghSd hodc thupe ciing truar^ n^Sa: Logi biln thl tfafinfa ngQ nfiy dl c$p tdi cfic tiianh ngQ cd mdt ho$c nhieu tiifinfa td drgc tfaay till bfing mpt ho$c nfailu tfafinfa td kfafic tfaudc cung trudng nglua. - Sy tiiay the nfiy cd till xfiy ra vdi cdc tiianh td Id ddng ngft (to ge/one'f 6aat i. - Sy tiiay thl cfla cic tiifinfa td cfla mpt tiifinfa ngtt ding dl c ^ tdi sy bien ddi cfla dpng ngft (Tfaey s l e ^ so well I tfaink tfaat every scrufiy faead's kicked the bucket (died) in the night and I'm the only one left (Cowie, Mackin &. - Nhu v^y, biln till biln td khdng. - Cfaflng xfiy ra tiiudng xuydn vdi cdc tfadnfa td ciu tgo cfla tiidnfa ngft vd dupc coi Id m$t logi d$c bift cfla tfaay tfai.. - v) Biin thi thdnh ngit c6 thim thdnh ti bd nglud: Tun cfao idng mpt sd tiifinfa ngQ trong ti^g Anfa cfao pfa. - Trong tiiyc tl, mpt sd tiifinfa ngtt c h ^ nh|n sy bd n^iia cfta trgi^ ngft vfi tfnfa ngQ. - £)di vdi bo ngtib tigng ngtt, m^t trgng ngtt cd till dupc sft dyng dl nfain mgnfa tofin bp n^Ta cua tfadnfa ngQ (Tbe sfait really hit the fan (TimlOCa: 13)[8]).Bdngh&tinh ngft cd i^lua Ifi thfinh to don Id Ifi danh ngtt trong mdt tfafinfa ngQ cd till chip n h ^ sy bd i^jila cua tinh ngQ (Tfae sfait/w/?te damn J&rt (Tim D.. - 3.Z Hinh thdi cua biin thi thdnh ngit trong tiingVi^. - Tuy nfaien, cfaftng cd till Idiic nhau ve sfic tiidi phong cficfa do sfic tfadi pfaong cdch cfla biln thl i ^ fim cfta tft dupc tiiay till mang Igi, difing hgn, nhdt nhu cdy (tnmg tfnh. - ii) Biin thi didnh ngU tiuy doi tr0 tg thdnh td cau tgo: Logi bioi the thfinfa ngtt ndy ciing khd. - biln tiding tilng Vift Chftng bao gdm nfailu tilu logi tfaeo md falnh ciu tgo khfic nfaau:. - Vl m$t ngft n g h ^ cic tiJr ghdp song tilt lfim thfinfa td ciu tgo trong cfic biln the tiifinh ngft ndy chl cfic hifn tupng tiiudng £ ddt vdi nhau, kfai cfaflng dupc kit hpp vdi nfaau tiii tgo ra tiifinh ngft cd y ngHa khdi qufit, tdng hpp. - Nfaung \1 cfic tft gfadp song tilt ndy cd quan faf dfing lgp nSn mdi cfao phdp tiiay ddi chgt ty tiifinh td ciu tgo cfla tfafinfa ngft. - Vf dy:. - Xdt vl ca nghia vd sfic thdi pfaong cficfa - bilu cfim thl cd the tfaiy cic biln till tfadnfa ngtt nfiy kfadng cd ^ khic nhau. - Neu cd cfafing till cfaflng chi kfafic nfaau ve mflc dp sft dyng nhieu hay ft ma tiidi.. - Chfing hgn, cfic bien tiie chia loan re phugng cita Khong s^ Trirdt drpc sft dyng nhilu hon cfic biln the chia f^tugngrSloan, sdn Trinh cita Khdng.... - AxBy = AyBx: Day Ifi logi biln till tiifinh ngft bon am tiet gom \m tft ghdp song tilt gjdng nfau t i u ^ g hpp d tien nhung chflng Iffit fapp dan xen cfic yeu to cau tgo vao nhau. - Trong logi bioi till nfiy cfai cd mdt tiifinfa td tii gfadp song tilt ddi trgt ty tfafinfa i^ian ciu tgo. - AxAy = AyAx: Dfiy cung Ifi logi biln till tiifinfa ngtt bdn fim tilt T i ^ nfaien, tixing tiifinfa pfain ciu tgo cfta nd dil cd mpt tft don ket hpp dan. - xen hai lin vdi mdt tft song tilt i ^ g 1^- Khi xdy ra faifn tiipng b i ^ till till chi cd flidnh to Id tft ghdp song tilt tiiay ddi digt ty thfinh td ciu tgo. - Ngofii cfic md l±ih tren, thfinh ngtt cd sy bioi ddi ve tr$t ty flifinh td ciu tgo cdn cd ba titidng hpp d$c bift sau dfiy:. - iii) Bien the thdnh ngit &. - Trong tilng V i ^ cd hai tiudng hpp lfim biln till hlnh tfaftc ciu trftc cfla tfadnfa i. - Mft Ifi, tiifinh ngft gde d dgng ^ y dft thfinh phan ciu tgo vdn cd dupc rflt gpn lgi (treo ddu di bdn thft chd/treo de bdn chd. - Thfinh to cfta flifinfa n ^ d u ^ rut gpn cd till Id vj ngft (khdng cd chd bit mio dn ciit/khdng c6 chd), ddng ngQ (chgy nhu ma dudi/nhu ma Aidi), t ^ ngtt (d^p rOtu tienAAu tiin), ^di ngtt (den nhu thui/den thd), faay danh ngtt (dau dpi trai chdn dmj ddi/dpi trdi d^ ddt).. - Xdt vl n^fta, cic biln till ndy kfadng cd sy kfafic bift ndo vl sfic tfidi ngMa co bfin cua tiifinh n. - Ve pfauong chfn ngfaia, cd flil tfaiy ring cfic c$p bien tfai tfafinfa ngft logi nfiy cd sy kfaic nhau nhu sau: cfic tiifinfa ngft gde Hfin cd y ngfa^ tiftu tiipng, kfafii quit hon, cd sfic fliii trang tixing hon cic biln till Id flidnh ngft fliuin Vift. - v) Biin thi thdnh ngii c6 thdnh to cdu tgo dugc thay thi bdng tit n^ ddng nglua hodc thupe. - Trong tilng Vift, logi bien the tfadnh ngtt nfiy cd cfic Ihfinh td ciu tgo dupc tiiay thl bfing ngQ d ^ n^ila fa(^ ngQ g ^ n^ua (mdt long mdt tig - mdt Idng mdt rugt. - Cd IS chung chl khfic nhau vl miJrc d$ sft dyng md tiidi. - Vifc sft dyng thfinfa ngtt ^ faay biln flil ddi kfai ti^ tfaudc vfio ngdn cfinfa cy till.. - vi) Biin thi thdnh r^ cd thim thdnh td bd ng^. - Cld vd thdi Id hai tieu tft tinh thfii dupc sft dyng d diu vd cudi tiifinh ngft vdi myc dfeh ifliin m ^ vd kfadng mai^ i^hla gjfii thfch nfio. - Ngodi sy bd ngfaTa cfla tilu tft tinh thii, tfafinfa ngQ tixmg tieng Vift cdn cfaip nfa^ m$t sd hlnh thftc bd ngfaTa kfadc vd trong nfaftng trudng hpp ndy cfaflng cung dupc coi Id cdc biln thl thfinfa ngft. - Cdc tfadnh td don Id Uong mpt tfafinfa ngft cd till cfaip nh§n sy bd nghTa tinh ngtt (gdt nhu mdm tdm thii), faay bd ngfaTa danfa ngft (run nhu chim dS).. - Nhihtg diu hi^u vd hinh thdi cda biin thi thdnh ngit xuat hi^n trong cd km ngdn ngit. - Dau hifu nhgn bilt cdc bien thl thfinh ngtt trong cd tieng Anh vd tilng Vift chinh Id nhftng edp hay nhdm thfinh ngtt cd ngfaTa bilu trung faodn todn gidng nfaau, cd kit ciu ngft phdp ddng nfait, trong dd cd tfai cd sy tfaay ddi tr$t ty cdc thdnh td ciu tgo ho$c tfaay tfae tiifinh phin cau tgo bdng cdc tft ngft ddng nghTa ho$c thudc cflng trudng tft vyng - ngtt nghTa.. - Hlnh tfadi cfta biln tfae tfadnfa ngtt Uong cfi hai ngdn ngft gdn vdi biin the thdnh ngit thay ddi trgt tg thdnh td cdu tgo. - tiifinfa td Id ddng ngtt, danfa ngtt fao|u. - tmh ngttX bien thi thdnh ngft cd thim thdnh to bd ng/t2a (bd nghia tinfa ngft).. - 4.Z Nhitng hinh thdi cda biin thi thdnh ngit (Jdxuhhi^ trong dirtg Anh. - Biin thi tiianh ngft thety ddi trgt tu thdnh td cau tgo vd rdt ggn Id hinfa thdi cfla bien thl thfinh ngtt dii xuat h i ^ tixMig tieng Anh. - Logi biln till flifinfa ngQ ndy gfin vdi sy tfaay ddi v) trf cua tiianh to cd chuc nfing Id tan ngQ vfi sy mit di cfla tfafinfa to Ifi gidi ngQ. - deu tdn tgi dgng fauifa tiidi cua biln flie tfafinfa ngQ Id biin thi thdnh ngw- cd thanh td cdu tgo ^igc they thi bdng r^ ddng n^mi hodc thugc ciing trudng nghia nfaung sy tfaay the thanfa td Id ti^g ngQ, lien ngtt lgi chi cd trrnig tieng Anh. - Tuong tg nfau vgy, bo nglua trgng ngtt cua hlnh tfadi biin thi thdnh not CO them thdnh td bd n^m kfadng cd trong tiaig Vift nhung Igi xuat fai^ trong tilng Anh.. - Nhitng hinh ihdi cda biin thi thdnh ngit dtt xuat hi$n trong tieng Vi^. - NhQng hlnh tfadi cua biln thl tfadnfa ngQ cfai xuit hifn tixing tieng Vift do Ifi cdc thdnh n^ bien thi nfft dm vfi biin thi thdnh ngit ed ngudn gde tit thdnh ngft cua n^n ngft khdc. - Sy lut ^ n cfla flianh td Id gjdi ngtt-trong hinfa flidi biin thi thdnh n^ &. - dgng ddy da vd rut gpn vkhbn^iiac^ tiki tft tinfa tfadi vd danfa ngft trong falnfa tfadi biin thi thdnh ngft cd thim thdnli td bd nghia cfal cd trong tilng Vift. - Trong ngjhi^ cftu nay, chiing tdi khfio sit mpt sd van de ve thfinfa ngtt vfi cfafl tam tiii diu faif u vd falnfa flidi cfla biln till tiifinfa ngtt. - B i ^ thl flifinfa ngQ trong cd tilng Anfa vd tilng Vift diu dupc nfa|n difn thdng qua sy tfaay ddi ciia cfic tfafinfa td ciu tgo. - Sy fliay doi nfiy gfin vdi sy tfaay ddi tr$t ty tfafinfa td ciu tgo vd thfinfa pt)Ba\ tft vyng tiiupc cjjng trudng ngfa^. - Nfau v§y, bien flil tfianh ngft chinh Id cdc c$p hay cfic nhdm tfianh r ^ khac nhau ve falnh tiifii nfaung cd cflng ndi dung bilu d^ Biln till thfinfa ngtt trong cfi faai ngrai ngft tdn tgi 6 nfailu hlnh tiifii kfafic nfaau. - Tuy nhien, falnfa tfadi cfta biln till tiidnfa. - n^gu ti^ logi flieo nhilu md Wnh ciu tgo kfadc nhau ciia cung mdt falnfa tfadi.. - Hfinfa Thdnh ngit /ipc f ^ We/
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