- Globalization is the inevitable result of the economic and social transformation. - This is the reason why the heads of these organizations try to support the ideology of the possibilities and opportunities when accessing these organizations. - For all of the above-mentioned reasons the author conducts the research entitled ‘A Critical Discourse Analysis of Globalization Discourse’.. - Aims of the study The study is aimed at. - finding out the ideology embedded in the globalization discourse · the expression of ideology in the globalization discourse · raising a critical awareness of the ideology of the globalization discourse for the language learners and others concerned with globalization 3. - Scope of the study As mentioned above, through the globalization discourse people who benefit from the process of globalization try to highlight the bright side of this process. - What are the ideologies embedded in the globalization discourse? 2. - Why are ideologies encoded in the globalization discourse? 6. - Design of the study The study consists of three parts. - They are: Part A: Introduction: This part includes the rationale, scope, aims, research assumptions, research questions and design of the study Part B: Development: This part includes three chapters Chapter 1: Theoretical background This chapter includes an overview of CDA theories in which a definition of CDA, views of CDA in late modernity and some key concepts of CDA such as critical, ideology and power are dealt with. - This chapter introduces and explains the framework of Critical Discourse Analysis procedure which sets the basis for the analysis of the speech ‘The Backlash against Globalization’ in chapter 3.. - Chapter 3: A Critical Discourse Analysis of the speech ‘The Backlash against Globalization’. - One may be the exploitation of the possibilities they open up and the other may be a major defensive reaction which seeks to re-establish collective and individual identities and which has involved the thematisation of nation, region, community and family. - Late modernity is characterized by a shift in the nature of the world system involving a dramatic acceleration of time- space distantiation, which Giddens refers to as ‘globalization’. - This is evident in the social use of language. - The division between ‘system’ and ‘lifeworld’, and processes of rationalization are the most prominent account of modernity from Habermas’s point of view in which lifeword is defined as the unreflective background consensus which constitutes a necessary frame for social interaction and the concept of rationalization of the lifeworld is referred as a process which points to the ambivalent status of the concept of ‘lifeword’. - Globalization/localization Globalization/localization dialectic can be considered as a particular form of the colonization/appropriation dialectic but it is still be treated as a separate item because it is a form that is distinctive for late modernity and an important new feature of the social life of discourse, which makes it increasingly difficult to justify taking a particular society as the object of analysis in CDA research. - The struggle to find identities is one of the most pervasive themes of late modernity. - From the interactional perspective the concern is with how the discourse works the resource – how the genres and discourses which are drawn upon are worked together in the textual process of the discourse, and what articulatory work is done in the text.. - CL takes a particular interest in the ways in which language mediates ideology in a variety of social institutions For Thompson (1990), the study of ideology is the study of the way in which meaning is constructed and conveyed by symbolic forms of various kinds. - Both meanings and expression interface with the extra-linguistics.’ The relationship between strata is one of ‘realization’: each of the strata defines a potential, a set of possibilities – a meaning potential (semantics), a wording potential (lexicogrammar), an expression potential. - In SFL, lexicogrammar is seen as functionally grounded, shaped by the social functions it serves, and in particular built around the intersection of the ‘macrofunctions’ of language. - Fairclough and Chouliaraki state that: “Every clause in the text (as well as lower and higher-level grammatical units) is seen as grammatically constituted simultaneously as semiotic production (textual function) which constructs the world (ideational function) while enacting social relations between its producers and others who inhabit the world (relational function). - Thus the social is built into grammatical tissue of language…………so that the semiotic constitution by the social and of the social is constantly at issue in the language analysis”. - The remainder of the message, the part in which the Theme is developed is called the Rheme. - The Theme extends form the beginning of the clause up and including the first element that has a function in transitivity (participant, circumstance or process). - So the Theme of a clause consists of the topical theme and any elements that come before it. - What is involved is a shift in the relationship between the market and the state which characterized capitalism for most of the twentieth century, freeing the market from state controls and undermining the role of the state in providing social welfare, and converting the state into a local advocate and agent for free market. - The term ‘globalization’ describes the growing political, social, cultural, economic ad technological interconnectedness and interdependence of the world today. - And on almost every useful measurement of the human condition, we have seen the greatest advances in the history of our species during the last half century, according to data collected by the UNDP and other agencies. - The US EPA estimates that about 22,000 deaths are avoided every year because of the dramatic decline in lead levels. - Some of the Great Lakes were considered dead 30 years ago and rivers sometimes caught fire. - Many conservationists argue that international integration encourages the overexploitation of fragile natural resources, such as forests and fisheries, damaging the livelihoods of the poor. - He was the longest serving member of the New Zealand Parliamentary Select Committee on Foreign Affairs and Trade. - Moore is a member of the Privy Council.. - Moore is the author of numerous books: “On Balance”, “Beyond Today”, “A Pacific Parliament”, “The Added Value Economy”, “Hard Labour”, “Fighting for New Zealand”, “Children of the Poor”, and the latest, “A Brief History of the Future”, published in September 1998.. - Critical Discourse Analysis in practice: a framework In order to serve the analysis of the speech in the light of CDA this study will follow the stages proposed by Fairclough.. - Description of text · Interpretation of the relationship between the productive and interpretative processes · Explanation of the relationship between discourse processes and social processes 2.2.1. - According to Fairclough, interpretations are generated through what it is the text and what is ‘in’ the interpreter (MR). - Analysis in terms of vocabulary used According to Fairlcough ‘the aspect of experiential value of most interest in the context of this book is how ideological differences between texts in their representations of the world are coded in their vocabulary’. - Even in poor countries people live longer, eat better, and have more access to clean water than they did 50 years ago’ Director-General Mike Moore portraits two pictures of the world in 1949 and 1980 In 1949, when I was born, trade barriers were still at their post-Depression highs, few currencies were convertible, rationing was commonplace, huge swathes of industry were nationalized. - But in the 1980s things changed. - (line 28 - 30) In his speech, Director-General Mike Moore is fully aware of the fact that people are against globalization ‘But there has been a backlash against liberalism. - The way to deal with these challenges is that ‘But the right way to alleviate the hardship of the unlucky few is through social safety nets and job retraining rather than by abandoning reforms that benefit the many.’ (line Once again, Director-General Mike Moore wants to help people fully understand the role of globalization in coping with ‘the hardship of the unlucky few’. - In contrast, he mainly uses the negative words when referring to the situation of the world before the time of globalization: trade barrier, the pace of liberalization was slow and its scope limited Over-wording (over-lexicalization) shows preoccupation with some aspects of reality – which may indicate that is a focus of ideological struggle. - When delivering this speech, Director-General Mike Moore is fully aware of the fact that a number of people in different countries and communities still consider globalization and WTO are the causes of poverty and inequality all over the world. - Table 4: Instance of the use of I in the text Line 2. - I think the most important lesson of the past 50 years Line 90. - And that's one of the reasons I'm here today.. - Table 5: Instance of the use of we in the text Line 3. - Delivering this speech, General-Director Mike Moore would like to express his idea about the fact that there has been a backlash against liberalism so the use of personal pronoun they can be found in this speech: Table 6: Instance of the use of they in the text. - The active sentences make the meaning of the speech clearly stated so that what the speaker wants to covey to his audience easily access the mind of the audience. - (Line 19-24) By using passive voice in these clauses Director-General Mike Moore attracts the attention of the audience about the achievements thanks to the renovation.. - Moods of the sentences. - In the case of a typical declarative, the subject position, the subject position of the speaker/writer is that of a giver (of information), and the addresser’s position is that of a receiver. - In the case of the imperative, the speaker/writer is in the position of asking something of the addressee, while the addressee is a compliant actor. - In a grammatical question, the speaker/writer is again asking something of the addressee, in this case information, and the addressee is in the position of a provider of information’ Accounting for 99, 1 % of the speech, declaratives help us recognize that the speech focuses on giving information. - With declarative the speaker wants to confirm that it’s him who has the right to include or exclude in giving such information and the addressee’s position is that of the receiver. - In this speech only one clause is employed in imperative mood ‘Just compare the protectionist nightmare of the 1930s with the long boom in America and Europe in the 1950s and 1960s’ (Line 83-85) in comparison with other clauses employing declarative mood helps us know that all the speaker wants to emphasize is the importance and the benefits that globalization brings to. - Only one question found in this speech is in the title of the speech ‘the Backlash against Globalization?’ The explanation for this phenomenon is the discourse type as in a discourse of giving a speech, questions may not be abundantly found because of less chance of getting feedback. - The question of this speech helps to uncover the ideology of the speaker because beginning the speech with a question mark, the speaker seems to help people to find out the answer. - Modality Modality is to do with speaker or writer authority, and there are two dimensions to modality: relational and expressive by relational modality we mean it is a matter of the authority of one participant in relations to others. - it is the matter of the speaker or writer’s authority with respect to the truth or probability of a representation of reality The use of must conveys General-Director Mike Moore’s power, his authoritative position. - (Line 62-63) It is their responsibility is to help the people who ‘lose from change, and many more fear they might lose’ some groups of the audience that the rich will help them to adjust We need to connect better and be more accountable to our owners, governments, and work closer with legislators. - (Line 6-7) In the context of “The Backlash against Globalization” We need to make the case for. - Connectives values of the text Fairclough (2001) shows that connective values are the values formal features have in connecting together parts of texts. - (Line 15-17) Director-General Mike Moore draws two pictures of the world through different periods so the audience can compare and come to their own conclusion that the world has achieved the advancements thanks to the fact that ‘In rich countries such as the United States, Britain and my own country, New Zealand, governments embraced liberal ideas.’ (Line 18-19) Director-General Mike Moore lists all the changes caused by ‘liberal ideas’ like ‘National champions were discarded in favour of international competition. - ‘(Line 19-22) The rest of the speech serving the purpose that a lot of achievements can be made thanks to globalization.. - He is aware of the fact that ‘But there has been a backlash against liberalism.’ (Line 46) Globalization is not new, but it is more pervasive than before. - It’s the reason why he raises the awareness of people of WTO’s role and the benefits it brings. - From these above tables, it is easily seen that topical themes and unmarked type account for a high percentage of the total themes in the speech. - 33, 96% marked themes falling into the category of temporal adverbials helps the speaker to focus on the specific time of the events. - Analysis in terms of the macro-structure of the text If the previous parts of this study try to uncover the speaker’s ideology hidden behind words from the microstructure perspective by breaking the speech into small units like vocabulary, grammar, cohesive devices, and grammatical features, this part will look at the macro-structure of the text to understand communicative purpose of the speaker. - The speaker tries to arrange the ideas so that both sides of the issues are examined, comes to a conclusion in which the writer weighs the pros and corns of each side. - The speech begins with the title ‘The Backlash against Globalization?’ so the macro-structure of the text serves the speaker’s ideology by its anti-thesis organization. - Director-General Mike Moore starts the speech with the picture of the world in the past, the situations we were in over 20 years ago At first, the pace of economic liberalization was slow and its scope limited. - (Line 14-17) But in the 1980s things changed. - And there is a widespread distrust of the profit motive, as if making losses was preferable.’ (Line 46-51). - We shall never convince such zealots of the case for economic liberalism.. - But people tend to forget that, thanks to globalization, good times in the rest of the world spill over to us too.. - But the right way to alleviate the hardship of the unlucky few is through social safety nets and job retraining rather than by abandoning reforms that benefit the many. - After examining two sides of the problem, the speaker comes to a conclusion that People do not want a world government, and we do not aspire to be one. - Interpretation of the relationship between the productive and interpretive processes Chouliaraki L. - (1999), state that ‘Despite the fact that ideology reside in text we cannot ‘readoff’ ideologies from text because what we want to get from the text is based on the interpretation and the interpretation is also diversity depending on the position of the interpreter’ so that’s why this part will help the readers to uncover the ideology of the speaker when delivering this speech. - Interpretation of situational context The interpretations of situational context is based partly on external cues such as features of the physical situation, properties of participant, what has previously been said, but also partly on the basis of aspects of their MR in terms of which they interpret these cues In terms of situational context four questions namely: what’s going on, who’s involved, what relationships are at issue, and what’s the role of language in what’s going on are taken into consideration What’s going on? This question is sub classified into activity, topic, and purpose. - The speech is aimed at finding out the answer to the question ‘the Backlash against globalization?’ therefore, he aims to confirm of the inevitability of globalization and well as WTO. - He lists the difficulties and challenges that people may face and he is aware of the fact that these challenges can be the people‘s fear. - In the discourse, Director-General Mike Moore is in higher position so in higher power. - Explanation of the relationship between discourse processes and social processes Fairclough states that ‘The objective of the stage of explanation is to portray a discourse as part of social process, as a social practice, showing how it is determined by social structures, and what reproductive effects discourses can cumulatively have on those structures, sustaining them or changing them’ At the institutional level, as the head of WTO, on behalf of this organization Director-General paints the picture of a prosperous society thanks to globalization as well as the establishment of WTO. - As a matter of fact, people have been skeptical of the process of globalization. - A summary of finding Based on the analysis of this speech it can be seen that what is said and inferred from the language In terms of vocabulary, the discourse has a clear classification scheme which is presented by the bright side of globalization in contrast with the dark side of the whole world before globalization.. - In terms of grammatical features the power and ideology of the speaker can also be uncovered. - From the macro-structure the ideology of the speaker can also be seen clearly with the anti-thesis organization of the speech. - The development of the discourse is organized in the structure of pros and corns of the matter.. - Conclusion The application of the results of CDA research is important, as an underlying aim of CDA is to produce enlightenment and emancipation for those less powerful in society.. - To understand it, we need to refer to the nature of the power relations embodied by the whole world context of globalization. - The speaker also emphasizes the role of WTO like helping people have better understanding, raising the awareness of the people of the globalization and the role of WTO. - All can be done by the use of language in the speech. - Analyzing the discourse critically plays an important role in raising the awareness of learners of English of the word choice, what is implied in the text by the speaker or writer deeply understand the message that the writer/speaker wants to convey. - Given the title of the coursework ‘A Critical Discourse Analysis of Globalization Discourse’ this one only focuses on a speech by Director-General of WTO Mike Moore so it is highly recommended that it can broaden and connect the analysis to other globalization discourses.