Tìm thấy 20+ kết quả cho từ khóa "Signal-to-noise ratio"
tailieu.vn Xem trực tuyến Tải xuống
Results: By analyzing single and multiple cell replicates (2 to 50 cells) purified by micromanipulation and serial dilution we stringently assessed the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) from single as well as a discrete number of cells based on a multiple displacement amplification method, with whole exome sequencing as signal readout.
tainguyenso.vnu.edu.vn Xem trực tuyến Tải xuống
OPTIMIZING PARAMETERS TO ENHANCE OPTIC SIGNAL-TO-NOISE RATIO IN NATION-WIDE TERRESTRIAL DWDM CASCADED EDFAs FIBER. Optimized results show that the OSNR at the end of transmission line can be increased by (2-5)dB in average comparing with that in cases where parameters are chosen by experience way..
tailieu.vn Xem trực tuyến Tải xuống
Sensitivity in a receiver is normally taken as the minimum input signal (S min ) required to produce a specified output signal having a specified signal-to-noise (S/N) ratio and is defined as the minimum signal-to-noise ratio times the mean noise power, see equation [1]. See the discussion of post- detection bandwidth (B ) in Section 5-2 for significance of minimum pulsewidth in the receiver design. the receiver is connected to an antenna o [2].
tailieu.vn Xem trực tuyến Tải xuống
Therefore, for additive noise, the Wiener filter attenuates each frequency component in proportion to an estimate of the signal to noise ratio. Figure 6.4 shows the variation of the Wiener filter response W(f), with the signal-to-noise ratio SNR(f).. An alternative illustration of the variations of the Wiener filter frequency response with SNR(f) is shown in Figure 6.5.
tailieu.vn Xem trực tuyến Tải xuống
Precision is the spread of the values, specified by the standard deviation, the signal-to-noise ratio, or the CV.. This particular measurement could be affected by many factors: random noise in the electronics, waves on the ocean surface, plant growth on the ocean floor, variations in the water temperature causing the sound velocity to change, etc.. As would be expected from the Central Limit Theorem, the acquired data are normally distributed.
tailieu.vn Xem trực tuyến Tải xuống
In Equation (11.27) the subtraction factor depends on the mean and the variance of the noise. Note that the amount over-subtracted is the standard deviation of the noise. (11.28). Lockwood and Boudy suggested the following function as a non-linear estimator of the noise spectrum:. The estimate of the noise spectrum is a function of the maximum value of noise spectrum over M frames, and the signal-to-noise ratio. (11.30).
tailieu.vn Xem trực tuyến Tải xuống
The noise power in the signal band is the area of a region highlighted by the grey color underneath the flat line. After applying the noise-shaping function, the noise in the signal band is suppressed to a much lower level and the total noise power left (dark grey region) is much smaller than the original noise power. Therefore, the signal-to-noise ratio of the converter is greatly enhanced..
tailieu.vn Xem trực tuyến Tải xuống
For known gain factors s i , known signal waveforms b i , and known noise covariance R w , the LRT (13.5) is the most powerful signal detector for deciding between the simple hypotheses H : x ∼ N n ( 0 , R w ) vs. (13.14). It is interesting to note that when the noise is white, R w = σ 2 I n and the ROC curve depends on the form of the signals only through the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) ρ = ks σ c 2 k 2 .
tailieu.vn Xem trực tuyến Tải xuống
For known gain factors s i , known signal waveforms b i , and known noise covariance R w , the LRT (13.5) is the most powerful signal detector for deciding between the simple hypotheses H : x ∼ N n ( 0 , R w ) vs. (13.14). It is interesting to note that when the noise is white, R w = σ 2 I n and the ROC curve depends on the form of the signals only through the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) ρ = ks σ c 2 k 2 .
tailieu.vn Xem trực tuyến Tải xuống
For a bandwidth of 3.1 kHz and a signal to noise ratio of 30 dB (a ratio of 1000/1), the maximum data rate is 31 kbps.. A telephone circuit has a signal-to-noise ratio of about 30dB and a newer bandwidth of about 3429 Hz.. A signal-to-noise ratio of 30 dB = a ratio of 1000 to 1. where B is the bandwidth, S/N is the signal-to-noise ratio.. Signal-to-noise ratio (SNR):.
tailieu.vn Xem trực tuyến Tải xuống
If S is the power of the desired signal, the SNR at each sensor is SNR i = S/σ 2 . Moreover, computing the power at the output of the beamformer with Eq. This means that, at the output of the beamformer, the signal-to-noise ratio is SNR o = N SNR i. (69.12). The covariance of the noise n(t) is now. where S i is the average power of the interference i(t). 1 − |β | 2 ) INR , (69.13).
tailieu.vn Xem trực tuyến Tải xuống
To generate noise from gears the primary cause must be a force variation which generates a vibration (in the components), which is then transmitted to the surrounding structure. It is only when the vibration excites external panels that airborne noise is produced. Thus we can sometimes encounter something being described as the signal-to-noise ratio of the (audible) noise.. In general it is possible to reduce gear noise by:.
tailieu.vn Xem trực tuyến Tải xuống
As indicated in Table 61.1, the weights are chosen to minimize the mean square error between the beamformer output and the reference signal.. 61.4.3 Maximization of Signal-to-Noise Ratio. w = αR n − 1 d(θ, ω) (61.16). (61.16) into the SNR expression shows that the SNR is independent of the value chosen for α.. 61.4.4 Linearly Constrained Minimum Variance Beamforming.
tainguyenso.vnu.edu.vn Xem trực tuyến Tải xuống
The low-level signal is characterized by the low signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). The lock-in amplifier uses the phase-sensitive detection (PSD) which filters off all signal parts having different frequencies than the nominal frequency so does not effect the measurement. The PSD equipment not only can detect the amplitude of a signal having the same frequency as the reference signal but also is sensitive to the difference in their phases.
tailieu.vn Xem trực tuyến Tải xuống
The unit of measure used to compare two power levels is the decibel (dB).. dB tells us the ratio of two power levels, that is it expresses the gain of the system.. Signal-to-Noise Ratio:. One of the most fundamental laws used in telecommunications is Shanon's law.. For a bandwidth of 3.1 kHz and a signal to noise ratio of 30 dB (a ratio of 1000/1), the maximum data rate is 31 kbps.
tailieu.vn Xem trực tuyến Tải xuống
There are slight problems in terminology because a given oscillation at, for example, 600 Hz is called a vibration while it is still inside the steel but is called noise as soon as it reaches the air. Thus we can sometimes encounter something being described as the signal-to-noise ratio of the (audible) noise.. In general it is possible to reduce gear noise by:.
tailieu.vn Xem trực tuyến Tải xuống
This can be done by filtering the amplifier noise before it reaches the receiver. In the limit, Bo can be made as small as. Recall from Section 4.4.3 that the noise figure Fn is the ratio of the input signal-to-noise ratio (SNRi) to the output signal-to-noise ratio (SNRo). At the amplifier input, assuming that only signal shot noise is present, using (4.2) and (4.6), the SNR is given by.
tailieu.vn Xem trực tuyến Tải xuống
Overall, these results tend to corroborate the main findings of the paper.. The choice of the signal-to-noise ratio, σ 2 ν /σ 2 ε , determines the high-frequency variation in the NAIRU. These alternative values will affect the high-frequency but not the long-run variation of the NAIRU. Variations of the estimated values fall within a relatively narrow range. On the other hand, time estimates of the NAIRU do seem to be more sensitive to changes in the signal-to-noise ratio..
tailieu.vn Xem trực tuyến Tải xuống
The noise power in the signal band is the area of a region highlighted by the grey color underneath the flat line. After applying the noise-shaping function, the noise in the signal band is suppressed to a much lower level and the total noise power left (dark grey region) is much smaller than the original noise power. Therefore, the signal-to-noise ratio of the converter is greatly enhanced..
tailieu.vn Xem trực tuyến Tải xuống
In practice, the pulsewidth of the radar is limited by hardware constraints and the amount of “energy on target” required to get sufficient signal-to-noise ratio to obtain a good. We illustrate pulse compression with the ideal application of the linear FM waveform. 1 2 µ † 2 The output of the received signal applied to the matched filter is:. The resulting compressed pulse can be significantly narrower than the width of the transmitted pulse with a pulse compression ratio of T 1f .