Tìm thấy 12+ kết quả cho từ khóa "the tense system"
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English is one of those languages which for many seems easy in the beginning, but then the bridge between basic knowledge and mastery takes a long time to cross, and many people give up.. The tense system has none of the complications of English, and the grammar is based on just sixteen rules which have no exceptions. The plane had covered 3/4 of the 12,000 mile trip, and had stopped to refuel. That's 14.5% of the work force
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English is one of those languages which for many seems easy in the beginning, but then the bridge between basic knowledge and mastery takes a long time to cross, and many people give up.. The tense system has none of the complications of English, and the grammar is based on just sixteen rules which have no exceptions. The plane had covered 3/4 of the 12,000 mile trip, and had stopped to refuel.
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a head clause and an after -clause 745 14.19 The tense system if the after -clause functions as situation-time adverbial 747 14.20 The tense system if the after -clause functions as orientation-time adverbial 750. 14.21 Summary of the discussion of before -clauses 754. 14.22 Summary of the discussion of after -clauses 756
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In these examples the present perfect is used as a pseudo-absolute tense.. 9.19.2 The pseudo-pre-present situation time may serve as binding time for other situation times that are introduced into the post-present domain. latter situation times are then referred to by means of the tense system that is typical of the pre-present zone. For example, if the present perfect is of the. ‘indefinite’ type, its situation time will be treated as if it were a past orientation time (see 9.9).
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Hopi and Dyirbal are instances of such languages in which the basic distinction made by the tense system is between the future and the nonfuture. We do not know of any languages that have a tense system based on the distinction between the present and the nonpresent.
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(d) Fourthly, the situation time of the head clause may be T-related to the contained orientation time, while the situation time of the after -clause is T-related to the Anchor time. In this case too the Adv-time functions as an orientation-time adver- bial. 14.19 The tense system if the after -clause functions as situation-time adverbial. he can use an absolute past tense form in both of the clauses:.
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Thus, in Ten minutes ago, Jane was working in the garden , the time of the predicated situation (which coincides with the punctual Adv-time of ten minutes ago ) is represented as lying wholly before t 0 by the use of the past tense form was working , even though the full situation may still be continuing at t 0. T-concept: concept relevant to the description of the tense system.
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If a new clause is to be temporally subordi- nated to such a clause, the T-relation expressed by the tense form of the new clause must normally start from t 0 . This is because t 0 is the most basic time in the tense system, and because it is difficult for the speaker to be concerned at the same time with the present part of the full situation and a part of it which is treated as over.
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The following is an example in which the precise temporal order of the situations is irrelevant:. 8.22 Shift of temporal perspective. As noted in 2.20, this is the phenomenon that the tense system that is character- istic of a particular absolute zone is used in referring to another zone, i. a situation that is intended to be interpreted as located in one time-zone is re- ferred to by a tense form whose basic meaning is to locate a situation time in another zone.
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It is therefore important to distinguish carefully between ‘the time of the predicated situation. situation time), which is a T- concept (i. a concept relevant to the description of the tense system), and ‘the time of the full situation’, which is a W- concept (i. a concept which has to do with the interpretation of situations and temporal relations in the actual world or in whatever alternative world is being referred to).
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If a new clause is to be temporally subordinated to such a clause, the T-relation expressed by the tense form of the new clause must normally start from t 0 . This is because t 0 is the most basic time in the tense system, and because it is difficult for the speaker to be concerned at the same time with the present part of the full situation and a part of it which is completely over.
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In the next section, we will see that Reichenbach’s two temporal dimensions (the relation of e with r and the relation of r with s. in which r is the cardinal point, also serve in most of the analyses in which the tense system is reduced to the present and past tense. And even those tense analyses which are not based on the notion of time can be assumed to have a two-dimensional quality in order for us to understand the role of tense in the contextualization of the situation de- scribed.
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The tense system if the before-clause is a situation-time adverbial. As noted in 14.2.2, adverbial before -clauses are nearly always used as situation- time adverbials. An investigation of the possible tense combinations in the head.
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The aim of this book is to describe the workings of the system of special verb forms used in Eng- lish to locate situations in time. In this introduc- tory chapter we lay the terminological and con- ceptual groundwork which is necessary before we embark on our grammatical description of the English tense system.
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The Grammar of the English Verb Phrase Volume 1: The Grammar of the English Tense System. The grammar of the English tense system : a comprehensive analysis / by Renaat Declerck in cooperation with Susan Reed and Bert Cappelle.. (The grammar of the English verb phrase . The absolute use of the present tense 171. The absolute use of the present perfect 209 Chapter 6
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It should be clear from the previous sections that some of the rules involved in the English tense system apply recursively. This is true, for example, of the rules for expanding a past domain. Any situation time introduced into a past domain is therefore potentially the central orientation time of a past subdo- main, which is developed in exactly the same way as the over-all domain.
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In the various usages of the Special Present Time-sphere System, the choice of the present tense represents a ‘shift of temporal perspective’ (see 2.20) or is motivated by the fact that the present tense is the unmarked tense in the English tense system, i. In the following sections we examine the most typical uses of the present tense in the Special Present Time-sphere System.. 3.3 The historic present.
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Part IV is devoted to the way in which the English tense system divides up time into what we refer to as the ‘present time-sphere’ and the. ‘past time-sphere’, the former of which is further divided into three separate. absolute and relative tenses, which are used to link a situation time to the temporal zero-point or to another orientation time, respectively.
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Thirdly, in order to temporally relate a situation time to a future situation time, English uses the same tense system as it uses to temporally relate a situation time to t 0 : compare I am ill with [ Next time, he will pretend that ] he is ill , and He has left with [ I will do it when ] he has left (see 7.6.2). This means that English treats a future situation time which functions as a starting point for the temporal location of other situation times as a ‘pseudo-t 0.
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In this tense system, t 0 is the time of reception, and the past tense is used for any situation preceding this time, i. even for situations holding at the time of writing the letter. Thus we read sentences of the type I was writing to you to tell you that. In the latter sentence the progressive form does not refer to the situa- tion as a whole but rather to a point in the middle of the situation. 2.12 Full situation vs predicated situation.