Có 20+ tài liệu thuộc chủ đề "ứng dụng khả năng lập trình"
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sample program, 350, 352 subtracting, 355. Polymorphism concept of, 544, 545. virtual methods, 546, 547 virtual method table, 550, 551 pop_back() method. for deleting objects in container classes, 765 popFront() method, 465, 467. converting to, 142 Postfix increment, 430 Postfix notation, 85. effects of, 84 Precedence. of arithmetic operators, 84. and arithmetic type conversions, 707 of Boolean operators, 91. for...
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JONES AND BARTLETT PUBLISHERS. Jones and Bartlett Publishers Canada. Jones and Bartlett Publishers International. No part of the material protected by this copyright notice may be reproduced or utilized in any form, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or any information storage or retrieval system, without written permission from the copyright owner.. New elements of the C++ language, such as...
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Students learn that templates allow the construction of functions and classes based on types that have not yet been stated. Chapter 33 explains standard class templates used to represent containers for more efficient management of object collections. These include sequences, such as lists and double ended queues. container adapters, such as stacks, queues, and priority queues;. associative containers, such as...
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In addition, you will be introduced to the steps necessary for creating a fully functional C++ program.The examples provided will help you retrace these steps and also. OBJECT-ORIENTED PROGRAMMING. Object-oriented concept. It is important to use the correct file extension for the source file’s name
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The short programming example on the opposite page demonstrates two of the most important elements of a C++ program. The using directive allows direct access to the names of the std namespace.. The structure of the function is shown on the opposite page. The first statement cout <<. <<. The two less-than symbols, <<. cout <<. "Hello! The program starts...
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The table on the opposite page shows the integer types, which are also referred to as integral types, with their typical storage requirements and ranges of values.. The int (integer) type is tailor-made for computers and adapts to the length of a reg- ister on the computer. However, integral types can be preceded by the keyword unsigned . The keyword...
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To avoid confusion with these names, avoid use of the under- score at the beginning of a name.. For exam- ple, prefixes that indicate the type of the variable may be assigned when naming vari- ables.. Both strings and all other values of fundamental types can be output with cout . Value of gVar1: 0 Value of gVar2: 2 Character...
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This includes using standard header files. objects belonging to the standard class string for the first time.. The prototype above yields the following information to the compiler:. func is the function name. the function is called with two arguments: the first argument is of type int , the second of type double. the return value of the function is of...
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Example: #include <iostream>. the compiler would not be aware of the cin and cout streams. In order to use the iden- tifiers of the std namespace globally, you must add a using directive.. #include <string>. This makes the string class available and allows user- friendly string manipulations in C. standard and, thus, the complete functionality of the standard C libraries...
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is defined in istream and <<. However, standard input and output can be redirected to files. cout <<. showpos <<. cout.setf( ios::showpos);. Output: +22 The output of a positive sign can be canceled by the manipulator noshowpos. noshowpos <<. cout.unsetf( ios::showpos);. and <<. The manipulator showpos is a function that calls the method cout.setf(ios::showpos. Old compilers only supply some of...
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The >>. operator interprets a number of type char as the character code and outputs the corresponding character:. cout <<. ch <<. <<. It is also possible to output the character code for a character. In this case the character code is stored in an int variable and the variable is then output.. The '0' character is represented by ASCII...
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cout <<. cout <<. <<. setw(8) <<. setw(16) <<. fixed <<. price <<. Save for output cout <<. c <<. setw(3) <<. dec <<. oct <<. hex <<. When entering 336, the value 80 is stored in the low byte of variable code Thus after the assignment, the variable c contains the value 80, representing the character P.. setprecision(3) cout...
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䊐 The Result of Comparisons. Each comparison in C++ is a bool type expression with a value of true or false , where true means that the comparison is correct and false means that the compari- son is incorrect.. If the variables length and circuit contain the same number, the comparison is true and the value of the relational expression...
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A typical loop uses a counter that is initialized, tested by the controlling expression and reinitialized at the end of the loop.. cout <<. <<. In the case of a for statement the elements that control the loop can be found in the loop header. ++count) cout <<. Any expression can be used to initialize and reinitialize the loop. expression1...
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is used to form an expression that produces either of two values, depending on the value of some condition. Because the value produced by such an expression depends on the value of a condition, it is called conditional expression.. The value of the conditional expression is therefore either the value of expression1 or expression2. This statement assigns the absolute value...
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#define HEADER (cout <<. cout <<. setw(16) <<. <<. setw(20) <<. fixed <<. STEP) cout <<. x <<. endl <<. You simply use the preprocessor’s #define directive.. The preprocessor replaces name with substitute- text throughout the subsequent program. For example, in the program on the opposite page, the name PI is replaced by the number throughout the program in the...
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to assign the corresponding uppercase letter to the variable c2 . However if c1 is not a lowercase letter, toupper(c1) returns the character “as is.”. Refer to the next section for details.. cout <<. The following usage of islower() shows a possible definition of the toupper() macro:. lines.cpp. can be read.. setw(5) <<. ++number <<. <<. line <<. How to...
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Additionally, an operator for explicit type conversion is introduced.. IMPLICIT TYPE CONVERSIONS. unsigned int unsigned short. unsigned int. You can generally assume that the “smaller” type will be converted to the “larger” type. The assignment operator is an exception to this rule and will be discussed separately.. The result of an arithmetic operation belongs to the common type used to...
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Example: cout <<. #define CLS (cout <<. cout <<. string prompt("Enter a line of text: ". Empty string cout <<. line <<. endl <<. prompt <<. Reads a line of text cout <<. <<. text.size(). copy <<. Assignment cout <<. start <<. text <<. Several operators are overloaded for strings, that is, they were also defined for the string class....
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were overloaded in the string class to allow easy comparison of strings. Strings are compared lexicographically, that is character by character, beginning at the first character. To decide whether a single character is smaller, greater, or identical to another character, the character codes of the character set are compared. s2 is true only if the first character in s1 that...