Có 80+ tài liệu thuộc chủ đề "ứng dụng khả năng lập trình"
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If a class comprises pure virtual methods, you cannot create objects of this class type.. The compiler will issue an error message here, as the Coworker class contains the pure virtual method income. When a class is derived from an abstract class, it inherits all the methods the base class contains, particularly the pure virtual methods. If all of these...
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BaseEl( Cell* suc = NULL, const string&. void setName(const string&. const string&. s const string&. void setRem(const string&. List.h : Defines the class InhomList. #include "cell.h". Cell* getPrev(const string&. Cell* getPos( const string&. void insertAfter(const string&. s,const string&. void insert(const string&. n, const string&. void erase(const string&. List.cpp : The methods of class InhomList. #include "List.h". Cell *pEl = src.first;....
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A class can contain not just one but several different base classes. In this case the class is derived from multiple base classes in a process known as multiple inheritance.. 䊐 The Multiply-Derived Class MotorHome. The opposite page shows the inheritance and definition schemes for the new class. An object of the MotorHome class contains both the members of Car...
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Inheritance of public base classes is used.The MotorHome class contains a new data member used to store one value of the CATEGORY type. Change the definition of the PassCar class in the car.h header file to make Car a virtual base class of the PassCar class.. car.h : Definition of base class Car and. car.cpp. motorHome.h : Definition of the...
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One of the programmer’s most important tasks is to predict and handle errors. You can judge a program’s quality by the way it uses error-handling techniques to counteract any potential error, although this is by no means easy to achieve.. 䊐 Traditional Error Handling. EXCEPTION HANDLING. Using the throw statement. C++ introduces a new approach to error handling. Exception handling...
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䊐 Exception Class Members. When an exception is thrown, the exception object type determines which exception handler will be executed. For this reason, an exception class does not need to have any members.. However, an exception class can contain data members and methods—just like any other class. This makes sense, as locally defined non-static objects are destroyed when an exception...
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if( cnt + v.cnt >. max) expand( cnt + v.cnt);. int count = v.cnt. cnt + v.cnt) expand(cnt + v.cnt);. Shift up from arrPtr[i+v.cnt. cnt = cnt + v.cnt;. #include "floatArr.h". cout <<. setw(8) <<. v <<endl;. <<. v[i] <<. cerr <<. "Error in reading.\n". err.getBadIndex() <<. setw(5) <<. w <<. Fraction operator. Fraction&. operator+=(const Fraction&. numerator = a.numerator *...
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If you need access to specific infor- mation in such a file, you have to walk through the file from top to tail, and new records are always appended at the end of the file.. To be able to do this, you need to change the current file position explicitly, that is, you need to point the get / put...
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This gives rise to the fact that objects in polymorphic class hierarchies contain virtual methods. You must write both the type and the data members of the object to a file.. 䊐 Storing Objects of the Account Hierarchy. The implementation of the read() and write() methods was discussed earlier in Chapter 18, “Fundamentals of File Input and Output,” and is...
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A hash file is required for speed of access to customer data.The concept of hash files is explained on the opposite page.To keep things simple, each record in the hash file contains only a customer id and a name.The customer id is the key used by the hash function opposite to compute the address of the record. It is also...
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index.seekg(0L);. cout <<. endl <<. <<. if( !entry.read(index)) break;. entry.display();. if( !index.eof()). index.clear();. long key;. int size = entry.recordSize. index.seekg(0L, ios::end);. end = index.tellg. entry.read_at(index, mid*size);. key = entry.getKey();. entry.read_at(index, begin * size);. entry.getKey. index.seekg(0, ios::end);. long nr = index.tellg. if(!entry.read_at(index, nr)) throw ReadError(name);. entry.write_at(index, nr + size);. entry.setKey(k). entry.setPos(n. Insert entry.write_at(index, nr + size);. if(!entry.read_at(index, pos)) throw ReadError(name);. long...
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kde.setNr(10L). kde.setName("Peter");. kde.setNr(17L). kde.setName("Alexa");. kde.setNr(21L). kde.setNr(15L). kde.setName("Jeany");. This chapter describes advanced uses of pointers.These include pointers to pointers, functions with a variable number of arguments, and pointers to functions.. accSort.cpp: Sorts an array of pointers to accounts. according to the account numbers. #include "account.h". Pointer to the last. pointer in the array.. POINTER TO POINTERS. It is thus possible to...
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䊐 Using Pointers to Functions. In C++ the name of a function is a constant pointer to that function. It addresses the machine code for the function. the array name is also a constant pointer to the first array element.. You can save them in an array to form a jump table. A pointer to a function can also be...
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cout <<. <<. "\n is being compared.\n\n". size <<. random numbers to be generated.\n";. Random numbers cout <<. "\nSorting starts! Please wait.\n";. time2 - time1 <<. seconds.\n";. seconds.\n". setw(12) <<. matrix.h : Represents dynamic matrices. mat = new Row*[lines];. new Row(cols);. Matrix( const Matrix&. Matrix&. operator=( const Matrix&. const Matrix&. matrix.cpp : Defines methods of class Matrix. #include "matrix.h". mat...
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The shift operators <<. and >>. shift the bit pattern of their left operand a certain number of bit positions. In the case of a left shift, 0 bits are padded. x = x <<. In the case of a right shift, 0 bits are padded from the left if the left operand is an unsigned type or has a...
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cout <<. <<. Shifting by one bit position.\n";. "\nThe bit pattern of x <<. setw(2) <<. count <<. putbits( x <<. Return, if bit position is invalid mask1 = (1 <<. Shift 1 to position bitnr1 mask2 = (1 <<. C++ allows you to define templates—parameterized families of related functions or classes:. a class template specifies a class definition using...
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You can also define templates with multiple parameters like the following class template, Example: template <class U, class V>. Example: template<class T, int n>. The major advantage is that the number of array elements is already known when an object of the template class is instantiated. This simplifies the definition of the stack template. The following expression would thus be...
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Define a function template interpolSearch() that looks up a given ele- ment in a sorted, numeric array.The array elements are of the same type as the template parameter T. The function template has three parameters—the value searched for of type T , a pointer to the first array element, and the number of array ele- ments.. The function template returns...
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sequences, such as lists and double ended queues. associative containers, such as sets and maps, and. Containers are used to store objects of the same type and provide operations with which these objects can be managed. The C++ standard library provides various class templates for container management in the Containers Library. Restricted operations, such as appending at the end of...
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The following methods are defined in the container classes vector , deque, and list. Additionally, the following method is available in the list and deque classes. This method is not defined in the vector class.. Given two containers v and w the following. inserts the objects from container v in front of all the other objects in w . A...