Có 15+ tài liệu thuộc chủ đề "Bacterial Infections"
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Abstract: Bacterial infections in medical devices and drug resistance of bacteria can cause chaos in the world due to loss of lives in addition to the cost of device revisions, quarantine, disinfection of infected areas, and patient treatment.. Herein, we examine for the first time the fabrication and characterization of radio frequency (RF) plasma polymerized hydrophilic thin films from linalool...
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Mechanisms of Action. of Antibacterial Agents. Insensitivity of target (altered penicillin- binding proteins). Alteration of target. Alterati on of target (ribosomal methylation). Insensitivity of target. Alterati on of target (mutation of 23S rRNA)
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Inhibition of Cell-Wall Synthesis. One major difference between bacterial and mammalian cells is the presence in bacteria of a rigid wall external to the cell membrane. The wall protects bacterial cells from osmotic rupture, which would result from the cell's usual marked hyperosmolarity (by up to 20 atm) relative to the host environment.. The structure conferring cell-wall rigidity and resistance...
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They exert a bactericidal effect by binding irreversibly to the 30S subunit of the bacterial ribosome and blocking initiation of protein synthesis. These drugs bind specifically to the 50S portion of the bacterial ribosome and inhibit protein chain elongation. Although structurally unrelated to the macrolides, lincosamides (clindamycin and lincomycin) bind to a site on the 50S ribosome nearly identical to...
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Trimethoprim is a diaminopyrimidine, a structural analogue of the pteridine moiety of folic acid. this enzyme is responsible for reduction of dihydrofolic acid to tetrahydrofolic acid—the essential final component in the folic acid synthesis pathway. Like that of the sulfonamides, the activity of trimethoprim is compromised in the presence of exogenous thymine or thymidine.. The quinolones, including nalidixic acid and...
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Clinically important resistance to vancomycin was first described among enterococci in France in 1988. The genes encoding resistance are carried on plasmids that can transfer themselves from cell to cell and on transposons that can jump from plasmids to chromosomes. Resistance is mediated by enzymes that substitute D-lactate for D-alanine on the peptidoglycan stem peptide so that there is no...
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Bacteria rapidly become resistant to rifampin by developing mutations in the B subunit of RNA polymerase that render the enzyme unable to bind the antibiotic. The rapid selection of resistant mutants is the major limitation to the use of this antibiotic against otherwise-susceptible staphylococci and requires that the drug be used in combination with another antistaphylococcal agent.. Enterococci, streptococci, and...
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Aminoglycosides Renal Yes. Cefazolin Renal Yes. Cefepime Renal Yes. Ceftazidime Renal Yes. Daptomycin Renal Yes. Levofloxacin Renal Yes. Ticarcillin Renal Yes. Vancomycin Renal Yes
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The choice of an antibacterial compound for a particular patient and a specific infection involves more than just a knowledge of the agent's pharmacokinetic profile and in vitro activity. pharmacokinetic and adverse-reaction profile of active compounds, the site of infection, the immune status of the host, and evidence of efficacy from well- performed clinical trials. Determination of the susceptibility of...
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The location of the infected site may play a major role in the choice and dose of antimicrobial drug. in addition, because of the relative paucity of phagocytes and opsonins at the site of infection, the agents should be bactericidal. Their efficacy is based on the increased permeability of the blood-brain and blood-CSF barriers to hydrophilic molecules. In contrast, urinary...
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Status of the Host. infections caused by mixed flora (aspiration pneumonia, diabetic foot ulcers);. infections caused by Pseudomonas. salmonellosis and typhoid fever, hospital-acquired infections caused by nonpseudomonal. facultative gram-negative enteric bacilli. Hospital-acquired infections caused by facultative gram-negative enteric bacilli and Pseudomonas. (6) infections, hospital- acquired infections (non- MRSA), infections caused by Enterobacter spp. infections caused by facultative gram-negative bacilli and...
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Adverse Reactions. Adverse drug reactions are frequently classified by mechanism as either dose-related ("toxic") or unpredictable. Unpredictable reactions are either idiosyncratic or allergic. Dose-related reactions include aminoglycoside-induced nephrotoxicity, linezolid-induced thrombocytopenia, penicillin-induced seizures, and vancomycin-induced anaphylactoid reactions. Many of these reactions can be avoided by reducing dosage in patients with impaired renal function, limiting the duration of therapy, or reducing the...
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Drug Interactions. Antimicrobial drugs are a common cause of drug-drug interactions. Table 127-8 lists the most common and best-documented interactions of antibacterial agents with other drugs and characterizes the clinical relevance of these interactions. Coadministration of drugs paired in the tables does not necessarily result in clinically important adverse consequences. Recognition of the potential for an interaction before the administration...
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Treatment and Prophylaxis of Bacterial Infections. Erythromycin, clarithromycin, and telithromycin inhibit CYP3A4, the hepatic P450 enzyme that metabolizes many drugs, including cyclosporine, certain statins (lovastatin, simvastatin), theophylline, carbamazepine, warfarin, certain antineoplastic agents (e.g., vincristine, irinotecan), and ergot alkaloids. Azithromycin has little effect on the metabolism of other drugs.. Many drugs (e.g., azole antifungal drugs, diltiazem, verapamil, and nefazodone) can also...
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Treatment and Prophylaxis of Bacterial Infections. Duration of Therapy and Treatment Failure. Until recently, there was little incentive to establish the most appropriate duration of treatment. patients were instructed to take a 7- or 10-day course of treatment for most common infections. A number of recent investigations have evaluated shorter durations of therapy, especially in patients with community- acquired pneumonia....