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Heat Transfer Handbook part 60

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Thus, in the case of opaque walls it is customary to speak of absorption. If radiation impinging on a solid or liquid layer is considered, a fraction of the energy will be reflected (reflectance ρ, often also referred to as reflectivity), another fraction will be absorbed (absorptance α, often also referred to as absorptivity), and if the layer is thin...

Heat Transfer Handbook part 61

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Figure 8.12 Spectral, directional reflectance of blackened glass at room temperature. other hand, the emittance of amorphous solids (solids without a crystal lattice) tends to be independent of temperature.. 8.2.3 Effects of Surface Conditions. In usually hostile industrial environments, even an initially ideal material will have its surface composition and quality altered: Heating of the material may be accompanied by...

Heat Transfer Handbook part 62

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Normal Page PgEnds: TEX . Figure 8.15 View factor between identical, parallel, directly opposed rectangles (configura- tion 7).. Figure 8.16 View factor between perpendicular rectangles with common edge (configura- tion 8).. Figure 8.17 View factor between parallel coaxial disks of unequal radius (configuration 9).. Normal Page. to a point on a surface may be written as. s ji 2 =...

Heat Transfer Handbook part 63

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Normal Page PgEnds: TEX . The analysis of radiation shields is one of the few applications where analysis of spec- ularly reflecting surfaces is relatively simple and may lead to substantially different answers for concentric shields with strongly varying radii. For a specularly reflecting shield A j (with A j −1 being specular or diffuse), the radiative resistance becomes. Semigray...

Heat Transfer Handbook part 64

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1 − e −κ λ s (8.96) where α λ (s) is the spectral absorptivity of the medium.. 8.5.1 Mean Beam Length Method. Relatively accurate yet simple heat transfer calculations can be carried out if an isothermal, absorbing–emitting, but not scattering medium is contained in an isother- mal, black-walled enclosure. For such cases the local heat flux on a point...

Heat Transfer Handbook part 65

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Schmidt, E., and Eckert, E. Siegel, R., and Howell, J. Heat Transfer . Taine, J., and Soufiani, A. 9.1 Introduction to boiling heat transfer 9.2 Boiling curve. 9.3 Boiling nucleation 9.3.1 Introduction 9.3.2 Nucleation superheat. 9.4.3 Bubble departure frequency 9.5 Pool boiling heat transfer. 9.5.1 Nucleate boiling heat transfer mechanisms 9.5.2 Nucleate pool boiling correlations. 9.5.3 Departure from nucleate pool...

Heat Transfer Handbook part 66

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A more practical case is when there is a temperature gradient in the form of a thermal bound- ary layer in the liquid adjacent to the wall, such as illustrated in Fig. 9.5 for a conical nucleation site, where a vapor nucleus of radius r nuc sits at the cavity mouth. and a linear temperature gradient is assumed in the...

Heat Transfer Handbook part 67

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(9.42) using the bubble departure diameter [which is the bracketed term in eq. (9.42)] as the characteristic length, and α nb is the nucleate pool boiling heat transfer coefficient. He defined the Reynolds numberusing the superficial velocity of the liquid as. where Pr L is the liquid Prandt number. which he presented in the form c pL ∆T. [Pr] m+...

Heat Transfer Handbook part 68

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acting on the thin film of liquid of Taylorbubbles become similarin magnitude, such that the flow direction of the film oscillates between upward and downward.. This flow pattern is a transition regime between the slug flow and annular flow regimes. In small-diameter tubes, churn flow may not develop such that the flow passes directly from slug flow to annular flow.....

Heat Transfer Handbook part 69

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is determined from the liquid fraction of the flow, m(1. effect of heat flux on nucleate boiling is introduced using the boiling number, which is defined as. This dimensionless group represents the ratio of the actual heat flux to the maximum heat flux achievable by complete evaporation of the liquid. (9.101) and the value of α nb. (9.91) using the...

Heat Transfer Handbook part 70

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Vapor quality. Heat Transfer Coef. Figure 9.16 Simulation of Kattan–Thome–Favrat model for pure n -butane at 60°C, showing flow pattern map and heat transfer coefficients.. Fully stratified flow for m. Stratified–wavy flow for m. Intermittent flow for m. Annular flow for m. Annular flow with partial dryout (modeled as stratified–wavy flow) for m. On the otherhand, forall liquid flow, the...

Heat Transfer Handbook part 71

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vapor film is formed between the wall and the continuous liquid core. For horizontal and inclined tubes, dryout typically initiates on the upper perimeter of the tube while the lowerperimeterremains wet, and may also occuronly on one side of a vertical tube heated nonuniformly by, say, a radiant heat source. Post-dryout heat transfer is characterized by the following modes:. Wall-to-vapor...

Heat Transfer Handbook part 72

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Normal Page PgEnds: TEX local flow boiling heat transfer coefficient, which is most pronounced at high vapor. Boiling on specially formed microsurfaces, to enhance nucleate boiling or convective boiling or both, is referred to as enhanced boiling and these surfaces as enhanced boiling surfaces. Typically, enhanced surfaces on the out- side of tubes are for the purpose of enhancing nucleate...

Heat Transfer Handbook part 73

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Andreani, M., and Yadigaroglu, G. A 3-D Eulerian–Lagrangian Model of Dispersed Flow Boiling Including a Mechanistic Description of the Droplet Spectrum Evolution, Parts 1 and 2, Int. Barnea, D., and Taitel, Y. Transition Boiling Heat Transfer from a Horizontal Surface, MIT Heat Transfer Lab. 2nd European Thermal Sciences and 14th UIT National Heat Transfer Conference 1996, Edizioni ETS, Piso, Vol....

Heat Transfer Handbook part 74

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(10.13) with respect to the fin arc length(s). ds (10.14). Figure 10.2 shows the coordinate system for a condensate film on a convex fin surface profile. The coordinate measured along the fin surface is s. The location s = 0 is the point of symmetry and is referred to the fin tip. The curvature of the liquid–vapor interface, shown in...

Heat Transfer Handbook part 75

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There is agreement in the literature that the mechanisms of heat transfer and pressure drop are intimately linked with the prevailing two-phase flow regime. This has led to many studies aimed at predicting what dimensionless parameters govern specific flow regime transitions and at what values of these dimensionless parameters certain transitions are expected to occur. Although debates still exist in...

Heat Transfer Handbook part 76

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regions of wavy, wavy–annular, then annular flow. The quality range over which the wavy and wavy–annular flow regimes occurred decreased as mass flux was increased.. The predictions of the Taitel–Dukler map are translated onto mass flux–quality (G–x) coordinates in Fig. At low mass fluxes, stratified flow is predicted across the entire range of quality. At slightly higher mass fluxes, wavy...

Heat Transfer Handbook part 77

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separates the heat transfer by film condensation in the upper part of the horizontal tube from the forced-convective heat transfer in the bottom pool:. Nu f (10.56) where θ l is the angle subtended from the top of tube to the liquid level and. X C tt 2 (10.57). C Fr l − 1.564Fr 2 l (10.58a). C Fr l...

Heat Transfer Handbook part 78

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First, the fins provide additional heat transfer area over that of a smooth tube of the same cross-sectional flow area. Swirl effects due to the riffling of the fins along the tube axis may improve heat transfer for certain operating conditions. Finally, the fins enhance heat transfer as a roughness would in the mixing of the flow at the wall.....

Heat Transfer Handbook part 79

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The important design concept is that the pressure drop from the top of the bundle to the airvent manifold is identical forall possible vaporpaths. Figure 10.18 shows a good layout. Note that the vent manifold is not in the geometric center because of the difference between the two-phase pressure drop in countercurrent upflow and co- current downflow. A two-dimensional flow-field...