Có 40+ tài liệu thuộc chủ đề "chuyên ngành dầu khí"
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Road traffic is one of the major consumers of energy, par- ticularly in western industrialized countries, and globally it exhibits the highest growth rate in energy consumption of all sectors. In the Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) countries, more than 33% of the total final energy consumption goes into the transpor- tation sector, amounting to more than 11%...
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There are different degrees of hybridization from micro- hybrids to extended-range electric vehicles (E-REVs).. The complete range between nonhybridized vehicles and pure battery electric vehicles (EVs) is covered.. Table 1 shows the functionality for full hybrid electric vehicles (full HEVs), plug-in hybrid electric-vehicles (PHEV Full HEV, full heavy electric vehicles. Motivation for Plug-In Hybrid Electric Vehicles and Extended-Range Electric Vehicles....
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Electric two-wheelers (E2Ws) are a category of vehicles in China that includes two-wheel bikes propelled by human pedaling supplemented by electrical power from a storage battery (bicycle-style E2Ws or pedelecs), and low-speed scooters propelled almost solely by electricity (scooter-style E2Ws). In many countries, E2Ws are allowed to operate in the bi- cycle lane and are considered a bicycle from a...
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This article concerns the rationale, history, principal issues, and potential of fuel cell-powered rail vehicles.. Issues include fuel cell type, hydrogen storage, special factors affecting fuel cell rail, and the question of which rail applications are appropriate for hybrid powertrains.. Why Fuel Cell Rail?. They are related by the fact that in many nations nearly 100% of the energy for...
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The successful accomplishment of a space mission is dependent on proper and reliable functioning of the power system of the spacecraft in orbit. The stringent demands on performance including weight, volume, re- liability, durability, and cost make the design of the spacecraft power system a challenging exercise. The different elements of the power system include energy sources, energy converters, energy...
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Table 1 gives an overview of the main outlines of FC types, fuels, and applications that have already been considered.. The improvement of specific military requirements by utilizing FCs, such as reduction of the ship’s signature, increase in efficiency, and increase in the power gener- ation in the ship, is also important for FC-specific mili- tary R&D programs. A rough...
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In the Beginning. With the assistance of fellow Australian Larry Perkins, an engineer and an ac- complished race driver, Tholstrup set out from Perth on the west coast of Australia in the fragile Quiet Achiever (Figure 1(a. An immediate target was to beat the 28 days set by Francis Birtles in 1912 in the first motor vehicle to cross the...
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their weight equals the weight of the water displaced. Thus, the average density of a submersible equals the density of the displaced water.. The weight of the pressure hull is a function of its shape and the choice of construction materials and increases with the design depth. As a consequence, at some design depth, the empty weight of the pressure...
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To place this into perspective, it helps to note that a DC can be considered a special case of an AC where the frequency of the AC is zero (or, as a practical matter, has a frequency having a very long period).. Hopefully, this will give an indication of the breadth and the scope of the AC influence.. From a...
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For a battery, the term ‘capacity’ relates to the ‘charge capacity’, i.e., the total amount of electrical charge Q that can be drawn from the device before a specified cutoff voltage V is reached. In the battery industry, charge capacity is typically measured in ampere-hours (Ah).. Practically, the capacity Q is determined as the integral of the discharge current over...
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The battery voltage during discharging can be ex- pressed in a first-order approximation according to the following equation:. DG ¼ DH T DS ½2 where DG is the Gibbs free energy, DH the enthalpy of reaction, T the absolute temperature, and DS the entropy of the reaction. where F is the Faraday constant and n the number of electrons needed...
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Although the state-of-the-art HEVs provide enhanced fuel econ- omy, in order for them to significantly influence global fuel consumption and the environmental situation they need to be developed further. One of the approaches is moving from micro-HEVs to plug-in HEVs, which have increased utilization ratio of the electric drive train.. A short overview of their charging and specific requirements is...
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Again, it is necessary to understand if different aging processes can be analyzed in experiments one by one followed by a superpositioning of the effects, or if aging effects interact with each other in a nonlinear way. stratification (lead–acid batteries) or gas pressures and oxygen to hydrogen ratios (fuel cells) and may depend on the microstructure of the active material,...
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One of the earliest analytical models is Peukert’s equation, which expresses the nonlinear relationship between the battery capacity and the discharge rate. The charge stored in the battery is modeled by using a capacitor, whereas the voltage across the capacitor is used to rep- resent the output voltage of the battery. Further corrections accommodate the cycle life of the battery,...
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The polarity of the electrode refers. to the charges residing at its surface and its terminal to which the external electric circuit is connected.. number of the active species is increased (Table 1).. The number of electrons z is determined by the valency (oxidation number) of the metal M.. (1) The negative terminal of a primary or secondary battery cell,...
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The battery voltage determines the number of series connections and can have a significant effect on battery safety and reliability. Adding to the confusion is the fact that a number of myths concerning paralleling have assumed ‘common wisdom’ status in the battery industry. In this context, the cell is the basic electrochemical unit containing the electrodes and electrolyte. and a...
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Lead–Acid Battery: Partial-State-of- Charge. The 150 years history of the lead–acid battery has seen technological improvements in numerous areas, in- cluding grid alloy, jar material, and manufacturing methods. The most notable improvement is the valve- regulated lead–acid (VRLA) battery, both absorbent glass mat and gel electrolyte versions. However, there are a growing number of new applications demanding an optimized, purpose-built...
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Self-discharge processes are processes that decrease the performance of electrochemical power sources without flow of current through an external circuit (i.e., with no load connected to the positive and negative poles). Bat- teries that are prone to self-discharge are generally dis- favored by industry, because they have a short shelf life and require regular monitoring to maintain them in a...
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The automotive sector will be one of the largest consumers of energy storage devices in the coming decades. referred to as the state-of-charge (SoC) of the battery. An accurate SoC indication improves performance and re- liability of the battery and ultimately increases its life- time, for example, by preventing frequent recharging.. Many of the first available SoC indication methods relied...
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The electrical efficiency Z of a galvanic cell or super- capacitor is defined as the ratio of the electrical energy that can be removed from it to the electrical energy supplied. Often the electrical efficiency of a galvanic cell or supercapacitor is also called energy efficiency as heat generation is never a useful by-product of the operation of galvanic cells...