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A Kundu, Queen’s RMC Fuel Cell Research Centre, Kingston, ON, Canada JH Jang, Samsung Electro-Mechanics, Gyunngi-Do, Republic of Korea. The rapid growth of the portable electronics market includes ‘power-hungry’ accessories in a smaller system, which has led to the search for an alternative and ad- vanced power source due to the limited energy density of conventional lithium-ion batteries. Table 1...
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Also, the duration over which the electrical energy needs to be supplied varies and, therefore, the required energy content or density of the electrochemical power source also varies. For example, the most used type of primary battery in the US Army today, the BA-5590, is a lithium–sulfur dioxide battery. In the field of rechargeable batteries, nickel–. SO 2 batteries have...
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The pack is usually composed of several lithium-ion cells in series and par- allel arrangements along with an electronic battery management unit to control the operation and to provide communication between the battery pack and the computer.. The computer microprocessor gets its first instructions for loading its operating system from the BIOS and assumes control of the personal computer (PC)....
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However, the higher energies of the primary batteries are remarkably reduced at low temperatures. Some of the applications reported in the above lists are well known to consumers, e.g., electronic devices such as cellular phones, notebook computers, cameras, while others belong to specific fields. Here, a few special applications will briefly be presented as a means to dis- close the...
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In the case of the PAFC, the most important devel- oper has been International Fuel Cells (IFCs, a part- nership of United Technologies Pratt and Whitney Aircraft Division, South Windsor, CT, and Toshiba Corporation, Kawasaki, Japan), which is now UTC Power Corporation. The prime US developer of the post-prototype MCFC was Energy Research Corporation (ERC. In contrast, the Edison concept...
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Power Tools: Batteries. The name ‘power tool’ originally describes a tool that is powered by an electrical motor. Today the term ‘power tool’ or ‘cordless tool’, as it is also called sometimes, is most commonly used for an electric tool, which is powered by batteries. In 1895, Wilhelm Emil Fein pro- duced the first power tool in Stuttgart, Germany. A...
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Fuel cells (FCs) are electrochemical systems that con- tinuously produce electric energy and heat, where the reactants (fuel and oxidant) are fed to the electrodes and the reaction products are removed from the cell. The chemical energy of the reactants is directly converted into electricity, reaction products, and heat without in- volving combustion processes. The efficiencies of the FCs are...
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Energy Storage Systems: Batteries. Maintenance of the existing, rea- sonable balance between the need for energy and the available resources endures because of the continuing discovery of new energy resources and our ability to continually improve the efficiency of that energy’s use. To a large extent, our quality of life in future decades will depend upon the maintenance of these...
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Fuel Cell/Gas Turbine Hybrid. A highly efficient and low-emission concept is the fuel cell gas turbine (GT) hybrid.. Hybrid fuel cell GT systems are comprised of two major components: a high-temperature fuel cell (HTFC) and a GT engine. By 1998, more than 10 hybrid concepts had been patented, offering variations in fuel cell type, the position of key components in...
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Many of these functions are critical to the safe operation of the aircraft, so the reliability of an aircraft battery is of utmost importance. Traditionally, two types of batteries have been widely used as aircraft batteries: lead–acid batteries and nickel–cadmium batteries. This article will only deal with those types found in use today: lead–acid, nickel–. cadmium, and lithium-ion aircraft batteries.....
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In principle, small fuel cell systems could be installed in individual homes or small buildings.. Such systems are called residential fuel cell systems.. Residential fuel cell applications may be divided in the following categories:. Here the fuel cell is used to provide electric power only for example during power outages or as a part of power management system.. Electricity and...
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Backup Power Systems for Mobile Telecommunications. In the case of a (tempor- ary) loss of the electrical power grid, the voltage level in the BTS falls below the open-circuit voltage of the bat- tery and the batteries take over the power supply as the lead–acid batteries are discharged. The size of the banks has to be designed for the most...
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With the introduction of the first cars 100 years ago, the main task of the generator was to supply electricity for the lights. Figure 1 gives an overview of the different fuel cell types that are presently under development, with their electrolytes, their relevant fuels and oxidants, and their operating temperatures. Among these, the low-temperature cells, namely alkaline fuel cell...
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Second, the fuel cell system offers the potential for approximately 30% higher well-to-wheel energy efficiency. Third, the hydrogen fuel consumed by the fuel cell can be produced from a variety of renewable sources including carbon-free methods such as electrolysis of water.. Compared to pure battery-run electric vehicles, the fuel cell vehicle offers three primary advantages. First, the fuel cell vehicle...
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Fuel cell-powered aircraft have been of long-term interest to the aviation community because of their po- tential for improved performance and environmental compatibility. Only recently have improvements in the technological readiness of fuel cell power plants enabled the first aviation applications. Based on the results of conceptual design studies and a few technology demon- stration projects, a widespread understanding of...
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Fuel cell technology, as a highly efficient energy converter, cou- pled with hydrogen as an energy carrier produced from renewable energy sources is one of the most promising answers to these challenges. Vehicles with fuel cell drive systems are electric vehicles. Public Transportation: Requirements for the Use of Fuel Cell Buses. The next stage in the progression toward greatly re-...
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Hybrid-electric buses typically have better fuel economy and lower emissions than comparable con- ventional buses. How a typical hybrid-electric bus recovers braking energy and reuses it is shown in Figure 2. In this way, a hybrid- electric bus may enjoy further advantages in fuel econ- omy, emissions, or a combination of both. Sizing of the engine in a hybrid-electric bus...
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At the beginning of the automotive century, around 1900–. Schallenberg, it took the electric starter and the starting, lighting, and ignition (SLI) system (created by Charles Kettering on the demand from Henry Leyland for the 1911 Cadillac Model Thirty) to improve the comfort in use of the gasoline engine vehicle sufficiently to outperform others. In addition, Ford’s Model T, in...
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As a proton-exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) can be started instantly at ambient temperatures and can work with air as oxidant without carbon dioxide prob- lems, it is so far the most viable fuel cell (FC) system that has the potential to replace internal combustion engines (ICEs) and batteries for transportation applications to power cars, buses, and personal electric vehicles...
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The battery of the vehicle shown in Figure 1 had a weight of not less than 1800 kg.. It was not until the end of the twentieth century that HEVs became a serious alternative to vehicles propelled by an internal combustion engine. The concerns about the action range limitation are faced with the additional employment of an internal combustion engine...