Có 13+ tài liệu thuộc chủ đề "excess"
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Vitamin and Trace Mineral Deficiency and Excess. Vitamin and Trace Mineral Deficiency and Excess: Introduction. Vitamins and trace minerals are required constituents of the human diet since they are either inadequately synthesized or not synthesized in the human body. Overt vitamin or trace mineral deficiencies are rare in Western countries due to a plentiful, varied, and inexpensive food supply. Moreover,...
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Nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, hepatic failure,. 10 mg/d (liver toxicity). Fluoride Dental caries Dental and skeletal fluorosis, osteosclerosis. 10 mg/d (fluorosis). and skeletal. Neurotoxicity, Parkinson- like symptoms. syndrome, Parkinson-like syndrome, psychosis, pneumoconiosis. heart failure, striated muscle degeneration. nausea, vomiting, abnormal nails, emotional lability, peripheral neuropathy, lassitude, garlic odor to breath, dermatitis. paresthesia, ataxia, seizure, confusion, heart failure, hemolysis, acidosis
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The median intake of thiamine in the United States from food alone is 2 mg/d. Most dietary deficiency of thiamine worldwide is the result of poor dietary intake. In Western countries, the primary causes of thiamine deficiency are alcoholism and chronic illness, such as cancer. Alcohol interferes directly with the absorption of thiamine and with the synthesis of thiamine pyrophosphate.....
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Vitamin and Trace Mineral Deficiency and Excess. Thiamine Deficiency: Treatment. In acute thiamine deficiency with either cardiovascular or neurologic signs, 100 mg/d of thiamine should be given parenterally for 7 days, followed by 10 mg/d orally until there is complete recovery. Cardiovascular improvement occurs within 24 h, and ophthalmoplegic improvement occurs within 24 h. Other manifestations gradually clear, although psychosis...
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Treatment of pellagra consists of oral supplementation of 100–200 mg of nicotinamide or nicotinic acid three times daily for 5 days. High doses of nicotinic acid (2 g/d in a time-release form) are used for the treatment of elevated cholesterol and triglyceride levels and/or low high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol level (Chap. Prostaglandin-mediated flushing due to binding of the vitamin to...
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The safe upper limit for vitamin B 6 has been set at 100 mg/d, although no adverse effects have been associated with high intakes of vitamin B 6 from food sources only. Actions of vitamin C include antioxidant activity, promotion. Almost complete absorption of vitamin C occurs if <100 mg is administered in a single dose. Enhanced degradation and fecal...
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In the adult, biotin deficiency results in. Pantothenic Acid (Vitamin B 5. In addition, pantothenic acid is involved in the acetylation of proteins
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Retinaldehyde (11-cis) is the essential form of vitamin A that is required for normal vision, whereas retinoic acid is necessary for normal morphogenesis, growth, and cell differentiation.. Retinoic acid does not function in vision and, in contrast to retinol, is not involved in reproduction. Certain cells also contain retinoic acid–binding proteins, which have sequestering functions but also shuttle retinoic acid...
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Infants are particularly susceptible to vitamin A deficiency. In developing countries, chronic dietary deficit is the main cause of vitamin A deficiency and is exacerbated by infection. Vitamin A deficiency is endemic where diets are chronically poor, especially in Southern Asia, Sub-Saharan Africa, some areas of Latin America, and the Western Pacific, including parts of China. However, vitamin A deficiency...
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Vitamin and Trace Mineral Deficiency and Excess. Acute toxicity of vitamin A was first noted in Arctic explorers who ate polar bear liver and has also been seen after administration of 150 mg in adults or 100 mg in children. Acute toxicity is manifested by increased intracranial pressure, vertigo, diplopia, bulging fontanels in children, seizures, and exfoliative dermatitis. it may...
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Vitamin E Deficiency: Treatment. Symptomatic vitamin E deficiency should be treated with 800–1200 mg of αtocopherol per day. Children with symptomatic vitamin E deficiency should be treated with 400 mg/d orally of water-miscible esters. High doses (60–800 mg/d) of vitamin E have been shown in controlled trials to improve parameters of immune function and to reduce colds in. All forms...
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Zinc is an integral component of many metalloenzymes in the body. it is involved in the synthesis and stabilization of proteins, DNA, and RNA and plays a structural role in ribosomes and membranes. Zinc is necessary for the binding of steroid hormone receptors and several other transcription factors to DNA. Zinc is absolutely required for normal spermatogenesis, fetal growth, and...
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Selenium, in the form of selenocysteine, is a component of the enzyme glutathione peroxidase, which serves to protect proteins, cell membranes, lipids, and nucleic acids from oxidant molecules. As such, selenium is being actively studied as a chemopreventive agent against certain cancers, such as prostate.. Selenocysteine is also found in the deiodinase enzymes, which mediate the deiodination of thyroxine to...