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Color Atlas of Pharmacology. Department of Pharmacology University of Kiel. Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology. Lüllmann, Color Atlas of Pharmacology © 2000 Thieme. Color atlas of pharmacology / Heinz Lullmann … [et al. This book is an authorized revised and ex- panded translation of the 3rd German edition published and copyrighted 1996 by Georg Thieme Verlag, Stuttgart, Germany. Title of...
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A medicinal agent becomes a medica- tion only after formulation suitable for therapeutic use (i.e., in an appropriate dosage form). In the case of poorly watersoluble substances, solution is of- ten accomplished by adding ethanol (or other solvents). These solutions are made available to patients in specially designed drop bottles, ena- bling single doses to be measured ex- actly in...
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External Barriers of the Body. Prior to its uptake into the blood (i.e., during absorption), a drug has to over- come barriers that demarcate the body from its surroundings, i.e., separate the internal milieu from the external mi- lieu. These boundaries are formed by the skin and mucous membranes.. When absorption takes place in the gut (enteral absorption), the intestinal...
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Due to the widen- ing of the portal lumen, intrahepatic blood flow decelerates (A). Secretory activity in the hepatocytes results in movement of fluid towards the canalicular space (A).. These are localized in part in mitochon- dria, in part on the membranes of the rough (rER) or smooth (sER) endoplas- mic reticulum.. Enzymes of the sER play a most im-...
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Drug Concentration in the Body as a Function of Time. As regards the former, this fol- lows from the simple fact that the amount of drug being moved per unit of time depends on the concentration dif- ference (gradient) between two body compartments (Fick’s Law). In drug elimination via the kidney, excretion often depends on glo- merular filtration, i.e., the...
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The dose-effect relationship may vary depending on the sensitivity of the individual person receiving the drug, i.e., for the same effect, different doses may be required in different individuals.. Interindividual variation in sensitivity is especially obvious with effects of the. To illustrate this point, we consider an experiment in which the subjects in- dividually respond in all-or-none fash- ion, as...
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Unless a drug comes into contact with intrinsic structures of the body, it can- not affect body function.. Since a drug usually attaches to its site of action by multiple contacts, several of the types of bonds described below may participate.. Ionic interaction: An ion is a particle charged either positively (cation) or negatively (anion), i.e., the atom lacks or...
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In addition, a drug may also cause unwanted effects that can be grouped into minor or “side” effects and major or adverse effects. 210), given in the appropriate dose, affords excellent pain relief by influencing nociceptive path- ways in the CNS. The dose de- pendence of both effects can be graphed in the form of dose-response curves (DRC). No substance...
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In the course of phylogeny an efficient control system evolved that enabled the functions of individual organs to be or- chestrated in increasingly complex life forms and permitted rapid adaptation to changing environmental conditions.. This regulatory system consists of the CNS (brain plus spinal cord) and two separate pathways for two-way com- munication with peripheral organs, viz., the somatic and...
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therefore, the first neuron is referred to as pregan- glionic and efferents of the second as postganglionic.. ACh stimulates receptors locat- ed on the subsynaptic membrane of the second neuron. If a sufficient number of receptors is activated simultaneously, a threshold potential is reached at which the mem- brane undergoes rapid depolarization in the form of a propagated action poten-...
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The tonus of vascular smooth muscle can be de- creased by various means. Accordingly, diazoxide can be used in the management of insulin-se- creting pancreatic tumors. Counter-regulatory responses in hypotension due to vasodilators A. The genera- tion of NO within the smooth muscle. It is the drug of choice in the treatment of angina pec- toris attacks. For this purpose,...
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Inhibitors of the RAA System. Renin is produced by special- ized cells in the wall of the afferent ar- teriole of the renal glomerulus. These cells belong to the juxtaglomerular ap- paratus of the nephron, the site of con- tact between afferent arteriole and dis- tal tubule, and play an important part in controlling nephron function. however, enzyme local- ized...
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Erythropoiesis is stimulated by the hormone erythropoietin (a gly- coprotein), which is released from the kidneys when renal O 2 tension declines.. Vitamin B 12 (B). B 12 generated in the colon, however, is unavailable for ab- sorption (see below). Liver, meat, fish, and milk products are rich sources of the vitamin. Enteral absorption of vi- tamin B 12 requires...
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Entero- cytes release absorbed lipids in the form of triglyceride-rich chylomicrons. 157A), with HMG CoA reductase as the rate-limiting enzyme.. Triglyceride-rich VLDL particles are released into the blood and, like the chylomicrons, supply other tissues with fatty acids. Left behind are LDL particles that either return into the liver or sup- ply extrahepatic tissues with choleste- rol.. LDL particles carry...
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Drugs for Gastric and Duodenal Ulcers In the area of a gastric or duodenal pep- tic ulcer, the mucosa has been attacked by digestive juices to such an extent as to expose the subjacent connective tis- sue layer (submucosa). With nonabsorb- able antacids, the counter ion is dis- solved in the acidic gastric juice in the process of neutralization. Upon...
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The hormone elicits contraction of the gallbladder and discharge of bile acids via the bile duct, as well as release of lipase from the pancreas (intestinal peristalsis is also stimulated). They occur in the leaves (folia sennae) or fruits (fructus sennae) of the senna plant, the bark of Rhamnus frangulae and Rh. Following inges- tion of galenical preparations or of...
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These converge on !-moto- neurons in the anterior horn of the spi- nal medulla. Simple reflex contractions to sen- sory stimuli, conveyed via the dorsal roots to the motoneurons, occur with- out participation of the brain. Activation of these receptors causes depolarization of the endplate, from which a propagated action potential (AP) is elicited in the surrounding sarcolemma. the rise...
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The body of the bipolar afferent first-or- der neuron lies in a dorsal root ganglion.. Irrespective of whether chemical, mechanical, or thermal stim- uli are involved, they become signifi- cantly more effective in the presence of prostaglandins (p. A! and C-fibers enter the spinal cord via the dorsal root, ascend in the dorsolateral funiculus, and then syn- apse on second-order...
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Local Anesthetics. Local anesthetics reversibly inhibit im- pulse generation and propagation in nerves. Mechanism of action. Nerve im- pulse conduction occurs in the form of an action potential, a sudden reversal in resting transmembrane potential last- ing less than 1 ms. The change in poten- tial is triggered by an appropriate stim- ulus and involves a rapid influx of Na...
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General anesthesia is a state of drug-in- duced reversible inhibition of central nervous function, during which surgical procedures can be carried out in the ab- sence of consciousness, responsiveness to pain, defensive or involuntary move- ments, and significant autonomic reflex responses (A).. The required level of anesthesia de- pends on the intensity of the pain-pro- ducing stimuli, i.e., the degree...