Có 40+ tài liệu thuộc chủ đề "giáo trình oxford"
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In the concept ‘bachelor’, discussed first by Katz and Fodor (1963) in terms of feature matrices, then by Fillmore (1982) and Lakoff (1987) in the cognitive frame- work, a partial fit is observed between an Idealized Cognitive Model of ‘bachelor’ and the concept of ‘bachelor’ as applied, for instance, to the pope.. Categories exist at different levels, and some of...
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Different types of meaning relatedness of the same form have, in fact, been identified and labeled. One such case of lexical ambiguity is ‘‘classical poly- semy’’ or ‘‘polycentric categorization’’ (see Taylor in which, for example, the English word chest can mean the ‘upper front part of the human body’, ‘a case or a box with a lid’, or a ‘treasury...
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Constructs such as frames, Idealized Cognitive Models (ICMs), and domains have been central to various methods of analysis in Cognitive Linguistics. Each of them provides a way of characterizing the structured encyclopedic knowledge which is inextricably connected with linguistic knowledge—that assertion being an impor- tant tenet in much of the cognitive linguistic research. The notion of ‘‘frame’’ has been used...
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In terms of linguistic form, our understanding of what constitutes a lexi- cal item, a grammatical category, and a grammatical construction is claimed to be structured by ICMs. So the concept of ‘noun’ is a radial category based on the central (prototypical) subcategory of names for physical entities. But ICMs are also relevant in terms of the connection between symbol...
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For example, the common concep- tualization of a nation (or other political body) as a ship includes correspondences between the ship and the state conceived as wholes, but also between the course of the ship and the historical progression of the state. The blueprints drafted last week will ensure that the ship of the Commonwealth truly remains one for the...
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itself is not represented in the blend. It is this fusion with. A noteworthy advance of blending theory is that it allows analysts a way of describing examples in which the metaphorical image cannot be a straightforward projection of source onto target. Following Coulson (2001), Fauconnier and Turner (1998) discuss examples of the common English idiom digging [one’s] own grave,...
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The feeling of what happens: Body and emotion in the making of consciousness. In Mark Johnson, ed., Philosophical perspectives on metaphor 200–19. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press. Bright air, brilliant fire: On the matter of the mind. (2nd ed., Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1994). Cognitive Science . In Jonathan Culpeper, Mick Short, and Peter Verdonk, eds., Exploring the language of...
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salient on some aspect of the recipient with only secondary focus on the transported object, as in I am going to give it back to him.. Pauwels’s (1995) study of the verb put suggests that the containment schema and its entailments are crucial for understanding this verb’s various metaphorical usages: from those profiling an inferred destination, as in put in...
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grouping of image schemas with other image schemas leads to the tentative con- clusion that some image schemas are perceptually more primary (e.g., path. thus, distinguishing between recurring perceptual experience and gestalt complexes of perceptual experiences is crucial, despite their treatment as synonyms in much of the literature.. Distinguishing the developmental trajectory of image schemas may be another way of...
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and the relation between Concept-Form and Thing/Event) (e.g., the relation between the form house or the concept house and the actual referent, i.e., a concrete house or the set of houses), and (iii) the relation between one sign (Concept-Form) and another sign (Concept-Form), which they call ‘‘concept metonymy’’ (e.g., bus –bus standing for bus driver –bus driver. To these types,...
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So far, little attention has been paid to the pragmatic function of metonymic shifts.. For the use of indirect speech acts, sociopragmatic reasons, such as politeness, have been adduced (e.g., Brown and Levinson 1987). In general, a careful analysis of naturally occurring discourse data suggests that metonymic source and metonymic target are not pragmatically equivalent in all respects, nor are...
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The role of domains in the interpretation of metaphors and me- tonymies. Meaning in language: An introduction to semantics and pragmatics.. Metaphor and metonymy in comparison and contrast. In Klaus-Uwe Panther and Gu¨nter Radden, eds., Metonymy in language and thought 309–32. In Antonio Barcelona, ed., Metaphor and metonymy at the crossroads: A cognitive perspective 59–78. Asher, ed., The encyclopedia of...
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Consider the English verb pry as in (3a). Analysis shows that certain semantic components are part of the meaning of pry and must all be matched in the referent situation for this verb to apply to it. A series of alterations to the situation reveals the essential components. Accordingly, one semantic component essential to the use of pry is that...
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Reference to a writing implement, as in (19a), directs greater attention to a particular aspect of that frame, namely, to the physical realization of the writing process. Reference to a language, as in (19b), foregrounds another aspect of writing, namely, the fact that it is always a linguistic phenomenon. And reference to a topic, as in (19c), foregrounds attention on...
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A sharp rise in attention on the agent occurs when it is explicitly referred to by an overt pronoun (factor Ga1), the oblique them in (31d). And finally, re- placement of the pronoun by a full lexical noun (factor Aa1), as in (31f), fore- grounds the Agent to the greatest degree.. Several factors can converge on the same linguistic entity...
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Force Dynamics in the Psychophysical and Interpersonal Domains Force-dynamic concepts in the physical realm also transfer easily to the psycho- physical and interpersonal domains, as can be seen from the fact that the basic deontic uses of the English modals—core modals as well as honorary modals—can be defined in force-dynamic terms. 5 As such, can ‘‘in the context of not....
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view, at least in the epistemic sense, it is no longer the subject who undergoes a force and is driven along a deductive path. reality itself evolves in a structured world: ‘‘there is an essential force-dynamic element to our conception of its struc- ture, which we can see as constraining and influencing elements that unfold within it’’ (Langacker 1991: 276)....
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What: The Scope of Spatial Semantics. Spatial semantics is the study of the meaning of spatial language, but what is to be regarded as ‘‘spatial language. but rather constitutes an important part of the background for all conceptualization and meaning (Kant . has been used all too often in an extended, metaphorical sense in Cognitive Lin- guistics and cognitive science,...
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One utterance may ex- press all three FoRs, as in (9) which displays the power and flexibility of semantic compositionality.. (9) He came up to the second floor.. Even with an Object-centered FoR and a (true) landmark, languages do not relate the trajector and landmark directly, but through a ‘‘region’’ that can be defined as a configuration of space in...
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‘‘peripheral’’ Lakoff 1987), but in all cases one node of the relation is seen as cognitively more basic than the other. One of the best-known applications for this kind of analysis has been precisely the semantic study of spatial expressions, where nonspatial senses are (nearly) always treated as extensions from the spatial ones.. But what exactly is the status of...