Có 140+ tài liệu thuộc chủ đề "Tạo đối tượng 3D"
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where ∗ is the convolution operator and y (n), x (m), and h (m) can all be the complex-valued discrete-time sequences I and jQ that we considered carefully in Chapter 1. “ßipped” in time and becomes h. of the convolution for that (n. the convolution value of x (m) and h (m ) at that value of (n). The convolution...
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(1-8)] of the discrete convo- lution Y (k. (5-6), which is the DFT [Eq. (1-2)] of the discrete convolution [Eq
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We see the familiar smoothing and stretching operation that the convolution performs on x (m ) and h (m. Convolution needs the additional time region for correct results, as noted in the equation in part (c) and in Eq. (d) This step gets the convolution of x (m ) and h(m) and also the spectrum (DFT) of the convolution in...
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For this reason we are going to be somewhat less than rigorous in some of the embedded-noise topics to be covered. Expected Value of x (n). In Fig. We have reasonably assumed that expected value and. all of which are zero in Fig. so called because each x (n ) is the same as in Fig. 6-1b the ε (n)...
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We are often interested in the ratio (S + N )/N = 1 + (S/N. Signals often have a dc component, and we want to identify separately the power in the dc component and the power in the ac component. Variance is another way to do it in the time domain, especially when x (n ) includes an additive random...
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As such, it measures the average power commonality of the two sequences as a function of their separation in time. Figure 6-4 is an example of the autocorrelation of a sequence in part (a) (no noise) and the identical shifted ( τ = 13) sequence in part b, c. There are three overlaps, and the values of the autocorrelation vs...
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After many repetitions and averaging of ρ xy , the numerator is the expected value of the cross-covariance of x (n) and y (n ) [Eq. and the denominator is the square root of the product of the variances of x (n ) and y (n. So “uncorrelated” and “independent” do not always coincide. Mathcad calculates very easily all of...
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The real part of the power PL(k ) is converted to radio or sound waves or heat dissipation of some kind, and the imaginary part is cycled back and forth between energy storage elements (lumped components) or stand- ing waves (transmission lines) of some kind. This energy cycling al- ways involves slightly lossy storage elements that dissipate a little of...
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The important thing is that the signal is sam- pled in certain Þxed and known bandwidths, and further analyses of the types that we have been studying, such as Þltering, smoothing and win- dowing and others, both linear and nonlinear, can be performed on the data after it has been transferred from the instrument. This processed spec- trum information can...
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The index of the phase modulation is 0.1.. (a) The plot of the noise-free sine wave.. (b) The plot of the cosine wave with the noise just barely visible.. This mul- tiplication produces the baseband phase noise output VT (n) and a sine wave of amplitude 0.5 at twice the frequency of the two input waves. it improves “readability” of...
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Why do the samples in Fig. In Fig. 8-1b we see a collection of (sine) wave harmonics as deÞned in Fig. These sine wave harmonics are the Fourier series constituents of the symmetrical square wave in Fig.. cosine) waves as deÞned in Fig. The peaks in Fig. A different example is shown in Fig. The sharp peaks in xh(n )...
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We can also start at time = zero and wait for all of the transients to disappear, leaving only the steady-state ac response. The HT always starts and ends in the time domain, as shown in Figs.. The HT of a. 8-1) and the. Two consecutive performances of the HT of a function followed by a polarity reversal restore the...
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This is the Hilbert transform HT of the input signal x (n. (g) The HT xh(n ) of the input signal sequence is plotted. (j) The spectrum XA(k ) of the analytic signal is calculated.. (k) The spectrum of the analytic signal is plotted. Note that the amplitudes of the frequency components are twice those of the original spectrum in...
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Note the use of the Mathcad function atan2(x, y) that measures phase out to ± 180 ◦ (see also Chapter 2). Each of the two all-pass net- works (I and Q ) is derived from a computer program that minimizes the phase error between the I and Q channels on two separate “wires.”. Examples of the circuit design and component...
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Additional Discrete-Signal Analysis and Design. DISCRETE DERIVATIVE. 154 DISCRETE-SIGNAL ANALYSIS AND DESIGN. Error for the discrete derivative. Figure A-1 Discrete derivative: (a) exact exponential decay. (b) deÞ- nition of the discrete derivative. (c) exponential decay using the discrete derivative.. Now consider the discrete approximation to this derivative, called y (n. Figure A-1c shows the decay of x (n ) using...
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x(n − 1) if n >. Solution to matrix differential equation for initial conditions of V C = 1.5, I L = 1.0. Figure A-2 LCR Circuit differential equation solution for initial values of V C and I L , I gen = 0.. Rewrite Eq. (A-3) in state-variable format:. A nodal circuit analysis conÞrms these facts for this example....
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ADDITIONAL DISCRETE-SIGNAL ANALYSIS AND DESIGN INFORMATION 161. X2 • X2. Figure A-4 Flow-chart for the network of Fig. A-2: (a) with no input (u) but with initial values of V C and I L . The book by [Dorf and Bishop] explores this problem using several different methods that are very instructional but that we do not pursue in this...
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The signal is stored in memory and the analysis is performed at the speed of the computer, not at the same rate as the signal itself.. After RF/IF-to-baseband conversion, a signal can be Þltered at baseband to improve the quality of the signal and can frequently improve signal-to-noise ratio.. The collection of the power values from 0 to N /2...
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Aliasing, 3, 10. Aliasing, “classical”, 53 Aliasing and Þlter design, 53 Aliasing in the frequency domain,. Aliasing in time domain, 59 All-pass Þlter, 145–147 Analytic signal, 138 Approximation, 3. Discrete-Signal Analysis and Design, By William E. Complex frequency domain sequences, 22 Complex load impedance, 114. Computer aided design, 114 Continuous data vs discrete, 13 Convert MATLAB to Mathcad, 5 Convolution,...
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Nicky Elliott, Barbara Bouton, and William Schneider for the use of their photography in this book’s tutorials.. Thanks to George and his expert team for the layout of this book’s interior.. The folks at Glyph, who allowed me to get in there and work on a few figures to make them look their best in a black-and-white book.. The sort...