Có 40+ tài liệu thuộc chủ đề "xử lý hình ảnh"
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(b) hệ thống đơn ngõ vào/đa ngõ ra Khi hệ thống gồm nhiều ngõ ra, tín hiệu chuỗi ngõ ra sẽ được biểu diễn bằng một vector được mô tả như ở Hình 1.31.. Hệ thống tuyến tính dịch bất biến là hệ thống đặc biệt hữu dụng cho việc xử lý tín hiệu âm thoại. khi đó tín hiệu...
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In the design and analysis of image processing systems, it is convenient and often necessary mathematically to characterize the image to be processed. In deterministic image representation, a mathematical image function is defined and point properties of the image are considered. For a statistical image representation, the image is specified by average properties. Although the analysis is presented in the...
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For efficient design of imaging systems for which the output is a photograph or dis- play to be viewed by a human observer, it is obviously beneficial to have an under- standing of the mechanism of human vision. Such knowledge can be utilized to develop conceptual models of the human visual process. Light is known to be a form of...
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Luminance mea- sures are the subject of the science of photometry, while color measures are treated by the science of colorimetry.. The total power emitted by a radiant source, given by the integral of the spectral energy distribution,. (3.1-1) is called the radiant flux of the source and is normally expressed in watts (W).. where is the radiation wavelength, T...
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Image samples nominally represent some physical mea- surements of a continuous image field, for example, measurements of the image intensity or photographic density. It is important to be able to model these measurement errors in order to specify the validity of the measurements and to design processes for compensation of the measurement errors. In a perfect image sampling system, spatial...
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It is often helpful to regard this sampled image array as a element matrix. for where the indices of the sampled array are reindexed for consistency with standard vector-space notation. Figure 5.1-1 illustrates the geometric relation- ship between the Cartesian coordinate system of a continuous image and its array of samples. For purposes of analysis, it is often convenient to...
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IMAGE QUANTIZATION. The following section includes an analytic treatment of the quantization process, which is applicable not only for images but for a wide class of signals encountered in image processing systems. Figure 6.1-1 illustrates a typical example of the quantization of a scalar signal. In the quantization process, the amplitude of an analog signal sample is compared to a...
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FINITE-AREA SUPERPOSITION AND CONVOLUTION. Finite-Area Superposition and Convolution: Series Formulation. It is called the impulse response function array of the linear operator and is written as. For notational simplicity, the impulse response array is con- sidered to be square.. 7.1-5 it is assumed that the impulse response array is of limited spatial extent. This means that an output image pixel...
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For example, with the Fourier transform, the average value or dc term is proportional to the average image amplitude, and the high-frequency terms (ac term) give an indica- tion of the amplitude and orientation of edges within an image. The forward unitary transform of the image array results in a transformed image array as defined by. A separable two-dimensional unitary...
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However, for image processing operations, conventional linear processing is often computation- ally infeasible without efficient computational algorithms because of the large image arrays. Figure 9.1-1 is a block diagram of the indirect computation technique called gen- eralized linear filtering (1). 9.1-2 requires oper- ations, where is a measure of the sparseness of T. where is a measure of the sparseness...
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Figure 10.1-1a illustrates a transfer function for contrast enhancement of a typical continuous amplitude low-contrast image. In the mapping strategy indicated in Figure 10.1-1b, the output level chosen is that level closest to the exact mapping of an input level. Figure 10.1-2 illustrates several possibilities of scaling an output image back into the domain of values occupied by the original...
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In order effectively to design a digital image restoration system, it is necessary quantitatively to characterize the image degradation effects of the physical imaging system, the image digitizer, and the image display. Basically, these two approaches differ only in the manner in which information is gathered to describe the character of the image degradation.. Figure 11.1-1 shows a general model...
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(12.1-5) is fitted to the data. (12.1-6a) (12.1-6b). (12.1-7a) (12.1-7b). 12.1-7b. (12.1-11). 12.1-10. Figure 12.2-1 contains a block diagram for the analysis of such techniques. (12.2-1a) or. (12.2-2a) or. (12.2-2b) FIGURE 12.1-5. 12.2-lb into Eq. 12.2-2b yields. (12.2-5) then the spectrum of the reconstructed image becomes. (12.2-6) FIGURE 12.2-1. (12.2-7) is obtained. Figure 12.2-2 shows typical frequency spectra involved in...
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(13.1-1a). (13.1-1b) G j k. (13.1-2a) (13.1-2b). (13.1-3a) (13.1-3b). 13.1-3 to obtain and . (13.1-5a) (13.1-5b) where again, the prime superscripts indicate that and are not necessarily inte- gers. (13.1-6a) (13.1-6b) where and are positive-valued scaling constants, but not necessarily integer valued. 13.1-6 will lead to magnification. (13.1-7a) (13.1-7b) x k y j. (13.1-8a) (13.1-8b). (13.1-9) Scaling:. (13.1-10) Rotation:. (13.1-11)...
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This concept of connectivity is easily understood for Figure 14.1-1a, but ambiguity arises when con- sidering Figure 14.1-1b. Figure 14.1-2 provides definitions of several other neighborhood connectivity relationships between a center black pixel and its neighboring black and white pixels.. (14.2-1) where denotes the intersection operation (logical AND) and denotes the union operation (logical OR). (14.2-3a) FIGURE 14.2-1. (14.2-3b) (14.2-3c)...
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profile of a line is shown in Figure 15.1-1c. Figure 15.1-2a is a sketch of a two-dimensional edge. Figure 15.1-3 contains step and unit width ramp edge models in the discrete domain. In Figure 15.1-3 the edge pixels are italicized.. Figure 15.1-5 presents single-pixel spot models in the discrete domain.. (15.2-3) FIGURE 15.1-6. (15.2-5a). (15.2-5b). Figure 15.2-2 provides examples of...
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(16.1-1) where x denotes a vector containing individual image feature measurements with conditional density . (16.1-2) where represents the a priori class probability. 16.1-3 are measured in regions whose class has been determined independently. AMPLITUDE FEATURES 511 TABLE 16.1-1 Relationship of Bhattacharyya Distance. 16.2-1, or as an additional feature. Figure 16.2-1 shows an original image and the mean, median, and...
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Figure 17.1-1a shows a digitized typewritten text consisting of dark letters against a lighter background. A gray scale histogram of the text is presented in Fig- ure 17.1-1b. Figure 17.1-1c to e are threshold displays in which all pixels brighter than the threshold are mapped to unity display luminance and all the remaining pixels below the threshold are mapped to...
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Some of the techniques apply only to binary-valued images. Figure 18.1-1a is a binary-valued image containing two connected object components. Figure 18.1-1b is a spatially stretched version of the same image. Connected components of an object may contain holes, as illus- trated in Figure 18.1-1c. (18.1-1) The Euler number is also a topological property because C and H are topological...
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As a simple example of the template-matching process, consider the set of binary black line figures against a white background as shown in Figure 19.1-1a. (19.1-1) where denotes the image field to be searched and is the template. (19.1-2) Now, let Eq. 19.1-1 be expanded to yield. (19.1-3) FIGURE 19.1-1. (19.1-4a) (19.1-4b) (19.1-4c). (19.2-1a) or noise alone,. (19.2-1b) The unknown...