- Integrated analysis of the methylome and transcriptome of chickens with fatty liver hemorrhagic syndrome. - Fatty liver hemorrhagic syndrome (FLHS) is a serious disease and is tightly linked to lipid homeostasis. - Keywords: DNA methylation, RNA-seq, Fatty liver hemorrhagic syndrome, Lipid metabolism, Cellular junction and communication. - For chickens, fatty liver hemorrhagic syndrome (FLHS) is a serious disease, which is characterized by massive lipid accretion and hemorrhagic spots of the liver [1].. - physiological characteristics of FLHS are quite different from common fatty liver syndrome (FLS). - In particular, DNA methylation, an important epigenetic modification, has been closely associated with hepatic lipogenesis and fatty liver [12, 13]. - Previous reports have demonstrated lipid metabolism to be up-regulated with differential gene methylation in in- dividuals with fatty liver disease [15]. - Liu et al. - Sookoian et al. - demonstrated hyper methylation of PPARγ in fatty liver subjects [17].. - In previous study, Zhang et al. - Overt lower genome-wide methylation levels were detected in the fatty liver group (Fig. - 1 Global methylation pattern in normal and liver and fatty liver. - Tan et al. - In previous studies, we reported an induction method and reproduction mode by which to generate a fatty liver chicken line [3]. - For successive generations of the line, fatty liver becomes less severe and presents only hepato- cyte steatosis rather than a hemorrhagic phenotype. - c The methylation levels of all genes with different transcriptional levels in gene body, up- and down-stream in fatty liver group. - DNA methylation analysis is a common approach and has been shown to play a crucial role in the development of fatty liver [19]. - This is consistent with our findings, and suggests that distinct characteristics of the methylome may be useful for diag- nosing fatty liver.. - In fatty liver chickens, pathways of lipogen- esis were found to be substantially elevated, with similar alterations of both methylation and expression as previ- ously reported [16, 26]. - Kim et al.. - reported a negative correlation between DNA methyla- tion and gene expression of APOA4 in fatty liver individ- uals [28], which is consistent with our results. - Hong et al. - demonstrated PRKG1 to be hypo-methylated and increasingly expressed in a fatty liver model induced with oleic acid [29]. - et al. - demonstrated ITPR1 specific knock-out mice could reverse fatty liver [30], although methylation data were not provided. - Manuel et al. - demonstrated that impaired intercellular communication and gap junc- tion were involved in the fatty liver pathological process, with gap junction playing a protective role by mainten- ance of homeostasis through cell-to-cell communication [31]. - The PPAR signaling pathway is widely regarded as a hub target for lipid metabolism, the inhibition of which could dampen hepatic fat accumulation, relieving fatty liver [33]. - found hyper-methylation of PPARγ in fatty liver subjects [17], which suggests a methylation regulatory target for FLHS. - The fatty liver susceptible line and control line of Jingxing-Huang chicken were used for experiments [3].. - Briefly, for the fatty liver susceptible line, the initial Jingxing-Huang chickens (F0 generation) were induced by a high-fat diet, while the chickens were fed a basal diet for control line. - In F1 generation, male chickens with FLHS in the fatty liver group and non-FLHS chickens in the control group were assessed. - Apparent feature of fatty liver and normal liver. - (a) Phenotype of fatty liver. - Global methylation pattern (mCHG and mCHH) in fatty liver and normal liver. - (a-b) The methylation level with spe- cific site mCHG and mCHH of all genes grouped by transcriptional level in fatty liver group. - FLHS: Fatty liver hemorrhagic syndrome. - FLS: Fatty liver syndrome;. - The data that support the findings in this study are available from corresponding author with reasonable request. - A study on fatty liver-hemorrhagic syndrome (FLHS). - Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/464573 8/.. - Alteration of hepatic gene expression along with the inherited phenotype of acquired fatty liver in chicken. - Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.. - nih.gov/29642504/.. - Low protein and high-energy diet: a possible natural cause of fatty liver hemorrhagic syndrome in caged White Leghorn laying hens. - Available from:. - https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26755655/.. - Fatty liver haemorrhagic syndrome occurrence in laying hens: impact of production system. - Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30345810/.. - Revisiting the metabolic syndrome and paving the way for microRNAs in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. - Mechanisms of hepatic triglyceride accumulation in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. - Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3633701/.. - Role of inflammation in the pathogenesis of fatty liver haemorrhagic syndrome in laying hens. - Available from: https://espace.library.uq.edu.au/view/UQ:272199.. - Abnormal expression of liver autophagy and apoptosis-related mRNA in fatty liver haemorrhagic syndrome and improvement function of resveratrol in laying hens. - Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov . - Genetic and epigenetic regulation in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). - 911 Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29562725/.. - Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.. - DNA methylation analysis in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease suggests distinct disease-specific and remodeling signatures after bariatric surgery.. - Relationship between methylome and transcriptome in patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. - Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23916847/.. - Genome-wide detection of key genes and epigenetic markers for chicken fatty liver. - Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32151087/.. - Available from: https://www.. - Expression and methylation of microsomal triglyceride transfer protein and acetyl-CoA carboxylase are associated with fatty liver syndrome in chicken. - Epigenetic regulation of insulin resistance in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: impact of liver methylation of the peroxisome. - 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