- Genome-wide survey and expression analysis of calcium-dependent protein kinase (CDPK) in grass Brachypodium distachyon. - Calcium-dependent protein kinases (CDPK) were important Ca 2+. - Results showed that all BdCDPK family members contained conserved catalytic Ser/Thr protein kinase domain, autoinhibitory domain, and EF-hand domain, and a variable N-terminal domain, could be divided into four subgroup (I-IV), based upon sequence homology. - Expression profiles indicated that most of BdCDPK genes were involved in phytohormones signal transduction pathways and regulated physiological process in responding to multiple environmental stresses. - and calcium-dependent protein kinases (CDPK), have been indentified in plants [7–10]. - Among these, CDPKs were distinctive because their unique structure, which contains a catalytic Ser/Thr protein kinase domain and a CaM domain containing EF-hand motifs for Ca 2+ -bind- ing capacity [11]. - Typical CDPK gene family mem- bers were composed of four conserved domains, includ- ing a variable N-terminal domain, a protein kinase domain, an auto-inhibitory domain and a C-terminal regulatory calmodulin-like domain [6]. - The protein kinase domain contains a catalytic Ser/Thr protein kinase domain with a ATP binding site and is adjacent to the auto-inhibitory domain, acting as a pseudosubstrate combined with kinase domain to maintain CDPK inactive [18, 19]. - Identification of 30 BdCDPK genes from the B. - The 30 identi- fied BdCDPK genes were distributed on all five chromosomes (Fig. - The number of BdCDPK genes mapped on each chromosome was uneven and ranged from 2 to 9. - Other BdCDPK genes were showed divergent gene structure, suggesting that the function of these genes might be diversified.. - Y Y mito: 9.5, chlo_mito: 7, chlo: 3.5 ORF Open Reading Frame, PKD Protein kinase domain, PI isoelectric point. - Re- sults showed that all CDPKs identified in our study were possessed of four characterized domains, including a variable N-terminal domain, a catalytic Ser/Thr protein kinase domain, an autoinhibitory domain, and a EF-hand domain, which were considered as the typical CDPK structure [19].. - All members of BdCDPK contained a protein kinase domain (Interpro acc. - In the protein kinase do- main, it contained motif 7 and 2 as ATP binding site (IPR017441) and serine/threonine-protein kinase active. - Although the protein kinases do- main is extremely conservation, we notice that the se- quences of serine/threonine-protein kinase active site among different subgroups contain a large number of variations. - For example, the sequences of protein kinase active site in subgroup III was quite different with sub- groups I and II (Additional file 9). - Similarly, the residues in protein kinase active site of subgroup IV, especially BdCDPK12, were less conservative compared with sub- groups I – III.. - c Analysis of the CDPK genes in different tissues of B. - Heatmap representation and hierarchical clustering of BdCDPK genes in root, stem, and leaf. - Expression profile of BdCDPK genes. - To better under- stand the role of BdCDPKs in phytohormone signaling pathway, the expression levels of the BdCDPK family genes in B. - In this study, most members of BdCDPK genes exhibited a transcrip- tional expression changes in response to all tested phy- tohormones, and the transcriptional regulation of these BdCDPK genes was shown great divergence (Fig. - The real-time qPCR results revealed that most of BdCDPK genes (except BdCDPK05, BdCDPK15 and BdCDPK18) were induced at least one phytohormone treatment, and nine BdCDPKs (BdCDPK02, BdCDPK08, BdCDPK13, BdCDPK14, BdCDPK16, BdCDPK21, BdCDPK24, BdCDPK25 and BdCDPK29) were induced by these four types of phytohormones. - In response to exogenous ABA, transcripts of an overwhelming major- ity of BdCDPK genes were up-regulated within 3 h, sug- gesting that BdCDPK genes can quickly respond to ABA signal. - Transcriptome data showed that large numbers of BdCDPK genes were up-regulated by kinds of abiotic stresses, including cold, heat, drought and submergence (Additional file 4). - Generally, the expression pattern of BdCDPK genes in response to cold and heat stress was obviously different. - For instance, 22 BdCDPK genes were up-regulate after heat treatment, while most of these BdCDPK genes were significantly down-regulate in response to cold stresses. - Under cold stress, most of BdCDPK genes were down-regulated at the early phase of cold treatment, while four members (BdCDPK16, 23, 25 and 30) were significantly induced, implying most of BdCDPKs might act as early negative regulator in response to cold stress. - Under heat condition, most of BdCDPK genes were up-regulated 12–24 h post treatment, while four BdCDPK genes (BdCDPK02, 13, 14 and 24) were persistently up- regulated. - It is possible that most of BdCDPK genes were transcriptionally activated only at a certain time point, until the enzymes exert their functions [41, 88].. - Interestingly, some gene pairs in the terminal nodes of the phylogenetic tree showed similar expression. - Results showed that large num- ber of BdCDPK genes exhibited co-expression correl- ation with BdWRKYs and BdMAPK cascade gene, suggesting these genes might be involved in same regu- latory pathway (Fig. - In this study, 30 members of BdCDPK genes were identified. - The expression patterns revealed the involvement of BdCDPK genes in various phytohor- mones and response to abiotic stresses. - The chromo- somal locations of the BdCDPK genes were determined using the B. - expression profiles of BdCDPK genes under diverse stress and hormone conditions (Additional files 4 and 5).. - Additional file 2 The list of qRT-PCR primers of BdCDPK genes.. - Additional file 3 Expression data of BdCDPK genes after phytohormone treatment and abiotic stresses.. - Additional file 4 Expression heatmap of BdCDPK genes under diverse stress and hormone conditions obtained from publicly available transcriptome data.. - Additional file 7 Phylogenetic relationships among the BdCDPK genes.. - The Arabidopsis calcium-dependent protein kinase gene family. - Calcium-dependent protein kinases in plants: evolution, expression and function. - subcellular localization and targets of calcium-dependent protein kinases. - Structure and functions of plant calcium- dependent protein kinases. - Expression analysis of calcium-dependent protein kinase gene family during reproductive development and abiotic stress conditions in rice (Oryza sativa L. - Calcium and calcium-dependent protein kinases are involved in nitric oxide- and auxin-induced adventitious root formation in cucumber. - A rice calcium-dependent protein kinase OsCPK9 positively regulates drought stress tolerance and spikelet fertility. - Function of calcium-dependent protein kinase CPK28 of Arabidopsis thaliana in plant stem elongation and vascular development. - Calcium-dependent protein kinases regulate polarized tip growth in pollen tubes. - Rice calcium-dependent protein kinase isoforms OsCDPK2 and OsCDPK11 show different responses to light and different expression patterns during seed development. - Overexpression of the calcium-dependent protein kinase OsCDPK2 in transgenic rice is repressed by light in leaves and disrupts seed development. - Two calcium-dependent protein kinases, CPK4 and CPK11, regulate abscisic acid signal transduction in Arabidopsis. - Arabidopsis calcium-dependent protein kinase CPK10 functions in abscisic acid- and Ca2. - dependent protein kinase confers both cold and salt/drought tolerance on rice plants. - Over- expression of calcium-dependent protein kinase 13 and calreticulin interacting protein 1 confers cold tolerance on rice plants. - Rice calcium-dependent protein kinase OsCPK17 targets plasma membrane intrinsic protein and sucrose- phosphate synthase and is required for a proper cold stress response. - Calcium-dependent protein kinase CPK21 functions in abiotic stress response in Arabidopsis thaliana. - The Arabidopsis Ca(2+) -dependent protein kinase CPK12 negatively regulates abscisic acid signaling in seed germination and post-germination growth. - dependent protein kinase balancer in abscisic acid signaling. - Genome-wide identification of the rice calcium-dependent protein kinase and its closely related kinase gene families: comprehensive analysis of the CDPKs gene family in rice. - Evolutionary and functional study of the CDPK gene family in wheat (Triticum aestivum L. - Genome-wide identification and expression analysis of calcium-dependent protein kinase in maize. - Genome-wide survey and expression analysis of calcium-dependent protein kinase in Gossypium raimondii. - Genome-wide analysis of calcium-dependent protein kinases and their expression patterns in response to herbivore and wounding stresses in soybean. - Revisiting paradigms of Ca(2+) signaling protein kinase regulation in plants. - rapa ) calcium-dependent protein kinase genes. - Coenzyme Q10 inhibits the release of glutamate in rat cerebrocortical nerve terminals by suppression of voltage- dependent calcium influx and mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling pathway. - Membrane localization of a rice calcium-dependent protein kinase (CDPK) is mediated by myristoylation and palmitoylation.. - The Ca(2+) -dependent protein kinase CPK3 is required for MAPK-independent salt-stress acclimation in Arabidopsis. - The myristoylated amino-terminus of an Arabidopsis calcium-dependent protein kinase mediates plasma membrane localization.. - Characterization of the ZmCK1 gene encoding a calcium-dependent protein kinase responsive to multiple abiotic stresses in maize. - Structure of the regulatory apparatus of a calcium-. - dependent protein kinase (CDPK): a novel mode of calmodulin-target recognition. - Biochemical regulation of in vivo function of plant calcium-dependent protein kinases (CDPK). - The Arabidopsis Calcium-Dependent Protein Kinases (CDPKs) and Their Roles in Plant Growth Regulation and Abiotic Stress Responses. - Expression of three members of the calcium-dependent protein kinase gene family in Arabidopsis thaliana. - Calcium- binding properties of a calcium-dependent protein kinase from plasmodium falciparum and the significance of individual calcium-binding sites for kinase activation. - Evidence for differing roles for each lobe of the calmodulin-like domain in a calcium-dependent protein kinase. - Ethylene-mediated cross-talk between calcium- dependent protein kinase and MAPK signaling controls stress responses in plants. - A rice membrane calcium-dependent protein kinase is induced by gibberellin. - OsCDPK13, a calcium- dependent protein kinase gene from rice, is induced by cold and gibberellin in rice leaf sheath. - The calcium-dependent protein kinase CPK28 regulates development by inducing growth phase- specific, spatially restricted alterations in jasmonic acid levels independent of defense responses in Arabidopsis. - Characterization of NtCDPK1, a calcium-dependent protein kinase gene in Nicotiana tabacum, and the activity of its encoded protein. - Regulation of vascular smooth muscle migration by mitogen-activated protein kinase and calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II signaling pathways. - Arabidopsis calcium-dependent protein kinase AtCPK32 interacts with ABF4, a transcriptional regulator of abscisic acid-responsive gene expression, and modulates its activity. - Calcium- dependent stimulation of mitogen-activated protein kinase activity in A431 cells by low doses of ionizing radiation. - The evolutionary history and diverse physiological roles of the grapevine calcium-dependent protein kinase gene family. - Arabidopsis calcium-dependent protein kinase AtCPK1 plays a positive role in salt/. - AtCPK1 calcium-dependent protein kinase mediates pathogen resistance in Arabidopsis. - The rice cold-responsive calcium-dependent protein kinase OsCPK17 is regulated by alternative splicing and post-translational modifications.. - Expression of calcium-dependent protein kinase (CDPK) genes under abiotic stress conditions in wild-growing grapevine Vitis amurensis. - Two genes that encode Ca(2+)-dependent protein kinases are induced by drought and high-salt stresses in Arabidopsis thaliana. - Calcium-dependent protein kinase OsCPK10 mediates both drought tolerance and blast disease resistance in rice plants. - Calcium-dependent protein kinase (CDPK) and CDPK-related kinase (CRK) gene families in tomato: genome-wide identification and functional analyses in disease resistance. - Genome-wide analysis and expression of the calcium-dependent protein kinase gene family in cucumber. - )-dependent protein kinases. - Cross-talk of calcium-dependent protein kinase and MAP kinase signaling. - Direct phosphorylation and activation of a mitogen-activated protein kinase by a calcium-dependent protein kinase in rice
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