The methanolic extract of Garcinia atroviridis (MeGa) reduces body weight and food intake, and improves lipid profiles by altering the lipid metabolism: A rat model

- Diet is, therefore, the indispensable factor that influences the ability to lose weight or maintain body weight (Keränen et al., 2009.
- Anders in Malaysia (Alsarhan et al., 2014).
- It is widely distributed in Peninsular Malaysia, Thailand, Myanmar, and India (Mackeen et al., 2000.
- Hamidon et al., 2017).
- Almost all parts of the tree such as fruit, leaves, roots, and stem bark can be used either for food seasoning or medicinal purposes, including antioxidant, antiobesity, antiinflammatory, and cytotoxic activities (Pangsuban et al., 2009.
- GA leaf extract possesses antioxidant properties with proton- donating ability serving as a free-radical scavenging agent (Nursakinah et al., 2012).
- to fat) through the inhibition of ATP-citratelyase production in cells (Chuah et al., 2012.
- Furthermore, HCA is believed to improve the level of blood cholesterol and dilation of blood vessels, and reduces excessive fat absorption (Yapwattanaphun et al., 2002)..
- For example, altered metabolites associated with obesity phenotypes have been identified and are linked to BMI changes in humans (Abu Bakar et al., 2015.
- Park et al., 2015.
- Cirulli et al., 2019).
- Kothadia et al., 2018)..
- Despite many studies reporting on the antioxidant and weight reduction properties of the leaves and fruit extracts of GA (Alias et al., 2017.
- Hamidon et al., 2017.
- Lumbantobing et al., 2017), no comprehensive study is available on the safety of GA extracts according to standard guidelines such as good laboratory practice and OECD.
- Analysis of the methanolic extract of Garcinia atroviridis (MeGa).
- Preparation of the MeGA.
- The yield of the extract was calculated as percentage yield.
- The antioxidant capacity of MeGa was assessed using 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radical-scavenging assay (Trolox as the reference standard) with slight modifications (Yang et al., 2011).
- All of the experiments were conducted in triplicate following the protocol previously reported by Abdul Hisam et al.
- Metabolite profiling of the MeGa.
- Acute toxicity effect of the MeGa.
- Subacute toxicity effect of the MeGa.
- Body weights, food intake, and water intake of all of the rats were recorded daily.
- Antiobesity effect of the MeGa.
- Body weights of the rats were recorded weekly..
- Phytochemical analysis, antioxidant activity, and metabolite profiling of the MeGa extract.
- The yield of the methanolic extract of Garcinia atroviridis (MeGa) was approximately 9%–10% after complete drying.
- The chromatographic profiles of the extracts were obtained from different batches of MeGa extracts..
- Acute toxicity study of the MeGa.
- Subacute toxicity study of the MeGa.
- As reported in the literature, the methanolic extract of Garcinia atroviridis (MeGa) containsflavonoid, phenol, saponin, and terpenoid (Nursakinah et al., 2012).
- Garcinia atroviridis (GA) has been reported to have ow antioxidant activity as determined by DPPH assay (Abdullah et al., 2013).
- HCA was detected as one of the main compounds in MeGa.
- As reported previously, HCA is believed to induce weight loss via reducing the lipogenesis process and through the suppression of appetite (Chuah et al., 2012)..
- citrate lyase and an inhibitor that disrupts fatty acid synthesis (Chuah et al., 2013).
- An earlier study reported that HCA caused reduction of food intake and body weight gain in rats given high sucrose, high glucose, and high sucrose with fat (Leonhardt et al., 2001).
- CoA (Amran et al., 2009).
- Liver cells of the (a) control rat with H&E stain ×10 magnification, (b) control rat with H&E stain ×40 magnification, (c) treated rat with H&E stain ×10 magnification, (d) treated rat with H&E stain ×40 magnification.
- Kidney cells of the (e) control rat with H&E stain ×10 magnification, (f) control rat with H&E stain ×40 magnification, (g) treated rat with H&E stain ×10 magnification, (h) treated rat with H&E stain ×40 magnification.
- weight loss concomitant with an improved lipid profile (Chuah et al., 2013)..
- Antiobesity assessment of the MeGa extract in different treatment groups.
- It carries activated long- chain fatty acids (the breakdown products of fatty acids and amino acids) into mitochondria for the β-oxidation process (Tarasenko et al., 2018).
- Acylcarnitine also serves as an important biomarker of mitochondrial dysfunction with an increase of acylcarnitines (Chen et al., 2015)..
- In the metabolomics analysis, the highest impact score is that of the biosynthesis of fatty acids.
- A previous study had reported that obese individuals have higher malonyl-CoA levels but lower rates of fatty acid oxidation compared to healthy individuals (Chen et al., 2015).
- it is one of the important metabolites associated with obesity.
- Hepatic and serum phosphatidylcholine levels were higher in obese mice than in normal mice (Kim et al., 2011).
- In animals, the synthesis of phosphatidylcholine via the Kennedy pathway requires a high percentage of choline (more than 95%) in the tissues (Xie et al., 2012).
- For the synthesis of methionine from homocysteine, choline oxidizes to betaine in the mitochondria of the liver and kidney to supply the methyl groups..
- The BCAAs are important in regulating synthesis of protein, metabolism of glucose, and oxidation, as well as secretion of leptin from fat (Xie et al., 2012).
- These BCAAs as well as aromatic amino acids might be used to promote synthesis of protein by changing the metabolic direction of amino acids, as indicated in HCA-treated male rats (Han et al., 2016a).
- HCA is structurally similar to citrate, which plays an important role in allosteric regulation for a number of enzymes involved in the metabolism of carbohydrates and fats (Han et al., 2016a).
- Similar to another study by Liu et al.
- (2015), we also observed changes in the lipid profiles of the rats treated with MeGa.
- In addition, Liu et al.
- However, there was no suppression of the synthesis of endogenous triglyceride, as no change to the mRNA levels of ACLY, fatty acid synthase (FAS), or Acyl-CoA oxidase genes were found (Liu et al., 2015).
- and ACLY genes were downregulated, while the peroxisome proliferators-activated receptor α (PPARα) gene was upregulated (Han et al., 2016b.
- Li et al., 2017).
- Further metabolomics investigation indicated that (-)-HCA was involved in the metabolisms of amino acids, protein synthesis, citric acid cycle, and synthesis of uric acid and fatty acids in controlling weight gain and lipid accumulation (Peng et al., 2017).
- There are two (2) main benefits observed in rats treated with MeGa: (i) reduced weight gain by reduction in the amount of food intake (suppressed food intake), and (ii) improved lipid profiles in the alteration of the biosynthesis of fatty acids and metabolism.
- Study on the relationship of the phenolic, flavonoid and tannin content to the antioxidant activity of Garcinia atroviridis.
- Abu Bakar MH, Sarmidi MR, Cheng K-K, Khan AA, Suan CL et al..
- Alias N, Leow TC, Ali MSM, Tajudin AA, Salleh AB et al.
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- Cirulli ET, Guo L, Swisher CL, Shah N, Huang L et al.
- Profound perturbation of the metabolome in obesity is associated with health risk.
- Crescioli G, Lombardi N, Bettiol A, Marconi E, Risaliti F et al.
- Keränen A-M, Savolainen MJ, Reponen AH, Kujari M-L, Lindeman SM et al.
- Kim H-J, Kim JH, Noh S, Hur HJ, Sung MJ et al.
- Mackeen MM, Ali AM, Lajis NH, Kawazu K, Hassan Z et al.
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- 7Z, 10Z, 13Z, 16Z, 19Z-docosapentaenoic acid 330.2568 n.d up n.d up n.d up 4Z,7Z,10Z,13Z,16Z,19Z .
- 6,19-Docosahexaenoic acid 256.2392 n.d dw n.d up n.d up.
- Linoleic acid 280.2398 n.d up n.d dw n.d dw.
- Arachidonic Acid (peroxide free) 248.0539 n.d dw n.d up n.d up.
- Sphinganine 301.2977 n.d up n.d up n.d up.
- Sphingosine-1-phosphate 379.2496 n.d up n.d dw n.d dw.
- Sphinganine-phosphate 381.2635 n.d up n.d dw n.d dw.
- 21-Hydroxypregnenolone 348.2299 n.d dw n.d up n.d up.
- 17a-Hydroxyprogesterone 330.2191 n.d dw n.d up n.d up.
- 17alpha,21-Dihydroxypregnenolone 348.2289 n.d up n.d up n.d up (20S)-17,20-dihydroxypregn-4-en-3-one 232.1459 n.d up n.d up n.d up.
- Corticosterone 346.2148 n.d dw n.d up n.d up.
- 11-Dehydrocorticosterone 344.1987 n.d up n.d up n.d up.
- Calcidiol 400.3359 n.d dw n.d up n.d up.
- Calcitriol 410.3525 n.d up n.d up n.d up.
- Campesterol 400.3722 n.d up n.d up n.d up.
- 4,4-Dimethylcholesta-8,14,24-trienol 416.328 n.d up n.d up n.d up Primary bile acid.
- Phosphatidylethanolamine 773.5383 n.d up n.d up n.d up.
- 11-cis-Retinol 286.2287 n.d up n.d dw n.d dw.
- Arachidonoyl dopamine 439.3095 n.d up n.d dw n.d dw.
- N-Acetylserotonin 218.1049 n.d up n.d up n.d up.
- 4,6-Dihydroxyquinoline 161.0463 n.d dw n.d up n.d up.
- L-Kynurenine 208.0836 n.d up n.d up n.d up.
- L-Normetanephrine 183.0902 n.d up n.d dw n.d dw.
- 4-Hydroxyphenylacetaldehyde 136.0527 n.d up n.d up n.d up.
- 4-Fumarylacetoacetate 200.0339 n.d up n.d up n.d up.
- metabolism S-Methyl-5-thio-D-ribose 1-phosphate 260.0095 n.d dw n.d up n.d up.
- Effect of high-fat diet on body weight of the pretreatment lean group and moderately obese groups, including obese, Ga-1 (100 mg/kg MeGa), Ga-2 (200 mg/kg MeGa) and Ga-3 (400 mg/kg MeGa) groups.

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