- With respect to studies of insect immunity, two of the main pathways of immune response initiation, the Toll and IMD pathways, were elucidated first in Drosophila (De Gregorio et al., 2002. - Parthier et al., 2014). - Myllymäki et al., 2014). - They are, however, sensitive to infection with the Drosophila C virus (DCV) (Dostert et al., 2005).. - In Drosophila, the PGRP-SA group of proteins (PGRP-SA, SD, LA, LD, LE, and LF) recognizes gram-positive bacteria, while PGRP-LC and related proteins (PGRP-LCa, LCx, and LCy) recognize gram- negative bacteria (Royet et al., 2005). - Another group of recognition proteins, GNBPs, acts against gram-negative bacteria and fungi, and it activates the Toll pathway (Kim et al., 2000). - GNBP-1 and GNBP-3 contain a N-terminal domain that specifically recognizes β (1,3)-glucan and a C-terminal domain that is homologous to the catalytic domain of β-glucanase, meaning that these proteins not only bind, but also degrade β(1,3)-glucans (Gottar et al., 2006).. - Over 25 distinct Drosophila viruses have been identified, all of them RNA (Habayeb et al., 2006). - In Drosophila antiviral immunity is mediated by the JAK-STAT pathway (Mussabekova et al., 2017). - van Rij et al., 2006).. - melanogaster is still one of the best model organisms studied in insect genetics and immunology (Neyen et al., 2014). - The tools and methods concerning Drosophila are developed and continue to be used in the studies of organisms (Levashina et al., 1998. - Blandin et al., 2002. - Mussabekova et al., 2017).. - papatasi Loew) (Boulanger et al., 2004. - Rosetto et al., 2003). - H, S (Bartholomay et al., 2004);. - S (Bian et al., 2005). - H (Castillo et al., 2006);. - S (Waterhouse et al., 2007). - S (Ramirez et al., 2019);. - S (Wang et al., 2018). - AMP (Zhang et al., 2017) Aedes albopictus Skuse S (Li et al., 2007). - S (Beck et al., 2007). - Aedes triseriatus Skuse PR (Ludwig et al . - S (Blitvich et al., 2002). - S (Beck et al.. - 2007) Aedes trivittatus Coquillett H, IR (Forton et al., 1985). - AR (Barillas-Mury et al., 1996). - AMP, S (Dimopoulos et al., 1997). - S (Barillas-Mury et al., 1999). - IR (Levashina et al., 2001). - S (Christophides et al., 2004). - S (Osta et al., 2004). - IR (Moita et al., 2005). - H (Castillo et al., 2006). - IR (Whitten et al., 2006). - S (Riehle et al., 2006). - AR (Fu et al., 2017). - H, IR (Adang et al., 2020). - PR (Dong et al., 2020). - Harrison IR (Somboon et al., 1999). - Anopheles quadrimaculatus Say AMP (Ham et al., 1994). - IR (Liu et al., 1998) Anopheles stephensi Liston H (Foley, 1978). - AMP (Luckhart et al . - Armigeres subalbatus Coquillett IR (Ham et al., 1994). - IR (Zhao et al., 1995). - IR (Shiao et al., 2001). - H (Bartholomay et al., 2004). - PR (Wang et al., 2004). - IR (Wang et al., 2005) Calliphora vomitoria L. - al., 1996). - Robineau-Desvoidy H (Zachary et al., 1973). - H (Zachary et al., 1975). - AMP (Yakovlev, 2011) Ceratitis capitata Wiedemann IR, AMP (Postlethwait et al., 1998). - et al., 2003a, b). - Ceratitis rosa Karsch AMP (Rosetto et al., 2003). - IR (Götz et al., 1987) Chironomus plumosus L. - IR (Götz et al., 1987). - AMP (Lauth et al., 1998) Chironomus riparius Meigen IR (Götz and Vey, 1974). - IR (Götz et al., 1987) Chrysomya megacephala Fabricius IR (Zhao et al., 2009). - Jones AMP, S (Nayduch et al., 2014). - AR (Drolet et al., 2005). - Culex quinque fasciatus Say AMP (Domnas et al., 1974). - AR (Girard et al . - Dacus cucurbitae Coquillett IR (Postlethwait et al., 1998) Dacus dorsalis Hendel IR (Postlethwait et al., 1998) Drosophila algonquin Sturtevant &. - Culex tarsalis Coquillett S (Beck et al., 2007). - H (Kaaya et al., 1986). - AMP (Kaaya et al., 1987);. - AMP (Hao et al., 2003) Glossina austeni Newstead H (Kaaya and Ratcliffe, 1982). - Wiedemann H (Kaaya et al., 1986). - AMP (Park et al., 2014). - Neiva S, IR (Heerman et al., 2015). - AMP, S (da Silva Gonçalves et al., 2019) Musca domestica L. - S (Tsukamoto et al., 1992). - IR (Timothy et al., 2017). - Phlebotomus duboscqi AMP (Boulanger et al., 2004). - Phlebotomus papatasi AMP, IR (Rosetto et al., 2003). - Phormia terraenovae Robineau-Desvoidy AMP (Dimarcq et al . - AMP (Keppi et al . - AMP (Lambert et al., 1989). - Sarcophaga bullata Parker S (Chase et al., 2000). - IR (Franssens et al., 2005). - S (Xie et al., 2007). - Sarcophaga peregrine Robineau-Desvoidy PR (Komano et al., 1980). - Sarcophaga ruficornis Fabricius H (Pal and Kumar, 2014) Simulium damnosum Theobald IR (Ham et al., 1994). - Simulium ornatum Meigen IR (Ham et al., 1994). - Zaprionus indianus Gupta IR, H (Kacsoh et al., 2014). - Adams M, Celniker S, Holt R, Evans C, Gocayne J et al. - Boulanger N, Lowenberger C, Volf P, Ursic, R, Sigutova L et al. - Dimarcq JL, Keppi E, Dunbar B, Lambert J, Reichhart JM et al.. - Gottar M, Gobert V, Matskevich A, Reichhart J, Wang C et al.. - Hanson MA, Dostálová A, Ceroni C, Poidevin M, Kondo S et al.. - Lambert J, Keppi E, Dimarcq JL, Wicker C, Reichhart JM et al.. - Levashina EA, Moita LF, Blandin S, Vriend G, Lagueux M et al.. - Parthier C, Stelter M, Ursel C, Fandrich U, Lilie H et al. - Riehle MM, Markianos K, Niare O, Xu JN, Li J et al. - Rosetto M, Belardinelli M, Fausto AM, Bongiorno G, Maroli M et al. - Wang XH, Aliyari R, Li WX, Li HW, Kim K et al. - Zhang R, Zhu Y, Pang X, Xiao X, Zhang R et al
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