Có 14+ tài liệu thuộc chủ đề "Hearing"
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Olfactory dysfunction affects ~1% of people under age 60 and more than half of the population beyond this age.. Related sensations during eating such as somatic sensations of coolness, warmth, and irritation are mediated through the trigeminal, glossopharyngeal, and vagal afferents in the nose, oral cavity, tongue, pharynx, and larynx. Terms relating to disorders of smell include anosmia, an absence...
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Disorders of the Sense of Smell. These are caused by conditions that interfere with the access of the odorant to the olfactory neuroepithelium (transport loss), injure the receptor region (sensory loss), or damage central olfactory pathways (neural loss). Fortunately, the history of the disease provides important clues to the cause. Sometimes there is an associated cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) rhinorrhea resulting...
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Approach to the Patient: Disorders of the Sense of Smell. Anosmic patients usually complain of a loss of the sense of taste even though their taste thresholds may be within normal limits. The physical examination should include a thorough inspection of the ears, upper respiratory tract, and head and neck. For example, one of the items reads,. The test is...
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Disturbances of the sense of taste may be categorized as total ageusia, total absence of gustatory function or inability to detect the qualities of sweet, salt, bitter, or sour. partial ageusia, ability to detect some but not all of the qualitative gustatory sensations. specific ageusia, inability to detect the taste quality of certain substances. and dysgeusia or phantogeusia, distortion in...
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Disorders of Smell, Taste, and Hearing. Disorders of the Sense of Taste. Disorders of the sense of taste are caused by conditions that interfere with the access of the tastant to the receptor cells in the taste bud (transport loss), injure receptor cells (sensory loss), or damage gustatory afferent nerves and central gustatory pathways (neural loss) (Table 30-2).. Transport gustatory...
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Approach to the Patient: Disorders of the Sense of Taste. Electric taste testing (electrogustometry) is used clinically to identify taste deficits in specific quadrants of the tongue. The history of the disease and localization studies provide important clues to the causes of the taste disturbance. For example, absence of taste on the anterior two-thirds of the tongue associated with a...
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and temporal bone, with structures of the middle and inner ear demonstrated. Stereocilia of the hair cells of the organ of Corti, which rests on the basilar membrane, are in contact with the tectorial membrane and are deformed by the traveling wave. A point of maximal displacement of the basilar membrane is determined by the frequency of the stimulating tone....
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In addition to GJB2, several other nonsyndromic genes are associated with hearing loss that progresses with age. Susceptibility to noise-induced hearing loss may also be genetically determined.. There are >400 syndromic forms of hearing loss. These include Usher syndrome (retinitis pigmentosa and hearing loss), Waardenburg syndrome (pigmentary abnormality and hearing loss), Pendred syndrome (thyroid organification defect and hearing loss), Alport...
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Disorders of the Sense of Hearing. Hearing loss can result from disorders of the auricle, external auditory canal, middle ear, inner ear, or central auditory pathways (Fig. An algorithm for the approach to hearing loss. HL, hearing loss. sensorineural hearing loss. TM, tympanic membrane. Conductive Hearing Loss. This results from obstruction of the external auditory canal by cerumen, debris, and...
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sensorineural hearing loss in adults. In the early stages, it is characterized by symmetric, gentle to sharply sloping high-frequency hearing loss. With progression, the hearing loss involves all frequencies.. Cochlear implants are the treatment of choice when hearing aids prove inadequate, even when hearing loss is incomplete.. Histologically, there is distention of the endolymphatic system (endolymphatic hydrops) leading to degeneration...
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Approach to the Patient: Disorders of the Sense of Hearing. The goal in the evaluation of a patient with auditory complaints is to determine (1) the nature of the hearing impairment (conductive vs. The history should elicit characteristics of the hearing loss, including the duration of deafness, unilateral vs. A sudden onset of unilateral hearing loss, with or without tinnitus,...
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A decibel (dB) is equal to 20 times the logarithm of the ratio of the sound pressure required to achieve threshold in the patient to the sound pressure required to achieve threshold in a normal hearing person. The perception of pitch changes slowly in the low and high frequencies. In the middle tones, which are important for human speech, pitch...
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Receptor potentials recorded include the cochlear microphonic, generated by the outer hair cells of the organ of Corti, and the summating potential, generated by the inner hair cells in response to sound.. The whole nerve action potential representing the composite firing of the first- order neurons can also be recorded during electrocochleography. Clinically, the test is useful in the diagnosis...
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In the event that the hearing aid provides inadequate rehabilitation, cochlear implants may be appropriate. Criteria for implantation include severe to profound hearing loss with word recognition score ≤30% under best aided conditions. Worldwide, >20,000 deaf individuals (including 4000 children) have received cochlear implants. Cochlear implants are neural prostheses that convert sound energy to electrical energy and can be used...