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Encyclopedia Of Animal Science - M

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Avian testes remain in the body cavity attached to the wall of the kidney, and the testes function at body temperature. In most domestic mammals, the normal temperature of the testes is several degrees cooler in the scrotum compared with body temperature. of the testes is the production of testosterone and androstenedione. The weight of the two testes ranges from...

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Encyclopedia Of Animal Science - N

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Typically, phosphorus was fed above the requirement of the animals as a safety factor due to lack of confidence in the precise P requirements and supplies. Much of the P in feed ingredients (such as corn and soybean meal) is in the form of phytate P. Swine and poultry lack the enzyme (phytase) necessary to utilize the phytate P so...

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Encyclopedia Of Animal Science - O

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This view has now been trans- formed by the realization that omega-3 and omega-6 polyunsaturates are potent determinants of the body’s physiological state, regulating fuel partitioning, inflam- mation, and neurological function and are, therefore, crucial determinants of health, disease, and productivity.. In the case of a saturated fatty acid, all the carbon atoms in the chain are linked by single...

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Encyclopedia Of Animal Science - P

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coli are mostly harmless colonizers of the gastrointes- tinal tract of warm-blooded animals, including humans;. [1] The pathogen is estimated to be responsible for approximately 0.02% of the cases of foodborne illness in the United States and 28% of the deaths. of the total estimated deaths from foodborne disease in the United Sates annually. Drug Administration (FDA) in efforts to...

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Encyclopedia Of Animal Science - Q

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Quantitative Trait Loci (QTL). Most traits of agricultural importance, such as growth rate and body composition, milk yield and composition, and egg number and quality show a continuous distribu- tion of quantitative trait measurements in a population.. Genetic variation in a quantitative trait is generally attributed to allelic variation at a number of genes, in contrast to the one or...

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Encyclopedia Of Animal Science - R

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There is no keel and the pectoral muscles are absent or vestigial. The feathers of the emu have two shafts. All extant ratites are endemic to the Southern Hemi- sphere, whereas their ancestors were found in both hemi- spheres. The ratites have very strong legs and their muscles have a specific distribution and physiology due to the mechanic constraints of...

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Encyclopedia Of Animal Science - S

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In 2001, Norway and Chile produced 43% and 25% of the Atlantic salmon, respectively. Atlantic salmon make up the greatest part of the world production of the various salmon species T in 2001. Of the Pacific salmon species, the production of coho salmon (Oncorhynchus. [2] Feed (including pigments, vitamins, medication, and feed transport) accounted for 51% of the production costs...

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Encyclopedia Of Animal Science - T

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Transgenic Animals: Improved Performance. The ability to isolate, clone, and transfer individual genes into farm animals provides the opportunity for scientists to produce transgenic animals with modified traits that are unattain- able through genetic selection.. More recently, an insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) transgene has been used to produce transgenic pigs with enhanced muscle development and reduced fat in the carcass,...

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Encyclopedia Of Animal Science - U

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Ultrasound waves generated by the transducer are propagated through animal tissue until a slight change in density, such as tissue interfaces, will cause a portion of the ultrasound waves to be reflected back to the trans- ducer. The ultrasonic reflectance technique A-mode was used for the evaluation of fat thickness of swine [1] in the late 1950s. The ultrasonic equipment...

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Encyclopedia Of Animal Science - V

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Se is widely distributed in the body, but the most labile reservoir is in the liver. In the liver, dietary fats and tocopherols and tocotrienols in chylomicron remnants are repackaged, and RRR- a - tocopherol is preferentially incorporated by a -tocopherol transferase into very low density lipoproteins (VLDLs) and secreted. In the absence of vitamin E, polyunsaturated fatty acids are...

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Encyclopedia Of Animal Science - W

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Within the remainder of the ruminant gut, quantitative net water absorption is greatest in the proximal small intestine, followed by the omasum and large intestine. Feces, urine, and respiration accounted for 12.6, 26, and 60% of the water loss. Estimates of the contribution of drinking water minerals to overall DCAD are needed.. Estimates of the contribution of drinking water minerals...

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Encyclopedia Of Animal Science - XYZ

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[1,2] With certain notable exceptions, the hurdles are a direct function of the phylogenetic distance between the graft and the recipient. Because of this consideration, some have advocated using closely related species, for example, primates in the case of human recipients, as a source of xenografts. For these reasons, many in the field of transplantation have turned to the pig...

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Preservation of fruit and vegetables - Part 1

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Preservation of fruit and vegetables. This Agrodok is meant to be a practical manual giving a review of the simple techniques used to preserve fruits and vegetables.. In addition to information provided in the previous edition of this Agrodok, this fourth edition covers more theoretical information on food decay in general, its causes and dangerous effects, as well as preventive...

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Encyclopedia Of Animal Science - Agroterrorism

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One of the best pieces of advice is to be alert.. In the U.S. The end disposition of the ash is yet defined.. Proceedings of the Ninth International Symposium, Raleigh, NC, U.S.A., Oct . The structure of the egg is such that it maintains an aseptic ‘‘milieu’’. The physical features of the egg are illustrated in Fig. The relative proportions...

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Small-scale chicken production - Part 1

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Small-scale. 2 Chicken breeds 8. 2 Chicken breeds. Chicken breeds 9 Some heavier layer breeds are meatier. Medium-weight and heavy chicken breeds are raised for meat produc- tion. Cocks of medium-weight chicken breeds can also be kept for slaughtering. 2.2 Local breeds

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Small-scale chicken production - Part 2

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Intensive systems, developed for specialised breeds, are estimated to be in use for about 30% of the poultry population in Africa. Flock sizes in intensive production are normally in the thousands. In the semi-intensive production system, also known as backyard pro- duction, flocks range from 50 to 200 birds. A lot of techniques and expertise developed in intensive systems can...

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Small-scale chicken production - Part 3

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Also water is treated as a nutrient, since it is neces- sary for life. Poultry must have a continuous supply of clean fresh water so that nutrients can be absorbed and toxic materials re- moved from the body. A lack of water will reduce feed intake, seriously retarding growth and im- pairing egg production. It is undesirable to restrict any...

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Small-scale chicken production - Part 4

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Sick chickens do not produce, and profits will be lost if you have to buy medicines or if your chickens die. Some diseases can spread rapidly through a poultry flock so sick-looking birds should be housed sepa- rately and given extra care. We do not intend to describe diseases in this chapter. Eggs, meat and blood from all poultry should...

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Small-scale chicken production - Part 5

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The production of local chickens can be improved in two ways:. During this period it is also advisable to regularly replace your cocks with those of a neighbour or someone else, in order to avoid in-breeding.. You can get rid of them immediately, but sometimes it is worth keeping these slow developers in a separate space, to give them a...

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Small-scale chicken production - Part 6

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To be able to do this well, you need to have some idea of the most im- portant data of an egg-laying business.. This takes time and money, but it is the only way to make your business run effi- ciently.. The production of the whole chicken stock then rises quickly to a peak after another eight weeks. At that...

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