Có 20+ tài liệu thuộc chủ đề "kiến trúc lớp"
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It is the manifestation of the creative capability of designers and demonstrates their imagination, innovation, and exploration [1,2]. To investigate these issues and arrive at the best solution, the method of preliminary design is the subject of the discussion in this chapter.. Usually the analysis starts with the deck, stringers, and transverse beams which determine the weight of the deck....
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2.7 Perception of Beauty in the Subconscious 2.8 Aesthetic Judgment and Taste. For over 50 years I have been concerned with, and have read a great deal about, questions concerning the aesthetic design of building projects and judgment of the aesthetic qualities of works in areas of the performing arts. and on innumerable discussions with architects who also were not...
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Introduction • Allowable Stress Design • Load Factor Design • Probability- and Reliability-Based Design • The Probabilistic Basis of the LRFD Specifications 5.4 Design Objectives. Because this is a more modern philosophy than either the load factor design method or the allowable stress design method, both of which are available in the Standard Specifications, and neither of which have a...
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"Highway Bridge Loads and Load Distribution.". Highway Bridge Loads and Load Distribution. 6.1 Introduction 6.2 Permanent Loads 6.3 Vehicular Live Loads. Design Vehicular Live Load • Permit Vehicles • Fatigue Loads • Load Distribution for Superstructure Design • Load Distribution for Substructure Design • Multiple Presence of Live-Load Lanes • Dynamic Load Allowance • Horizontal Loads Due to Vehicular Traffic....
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In the case of dynamics, the equilibrium equations are replaced by equations of motion, which contain second-order derivatives of displacement with respect to time.. In the same way, taking into account geometric conditions, one can relate strains inside a body to its displacements, by six equations of kinematics expressing the six components of strain. in terms of the three components...
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This modernization of the engineering design office, coupled with an increased demand placed on the accuracy and efficiency of structural designs, requires a more-detailed understanding of the basic principles and assumptions associated with the use of modern structural analysis computer programs. The objective of the analysis effort is to investigate the most probable responses of a bridge structure due to...
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Steel–Concrete Composite Box Girder Bridges. 13.1 Introduction 13.2 Typical Sections. 13.3 General Design Principles 13.4 Flexural Resistance 13.5 Shear Resistance. 13.6 Stiffeners, Bracings, and Diaphragms Stiffeners • Top Lateral Bracings • Internal Diaphragms and Cross Frames. 13.7 Other Considerations. Fatigue and Fracture • Torsion • Constructability • Serviceability 13.8 Design Example. 13.1 Introduction. 13.2 Typical Sections. A single cell box...
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20.1 Introduction. 20.2 Properties of Wood and Wood Products Physical Properties of Wood • Mechanical Properties of Wood • Wood and Wood-Based Materials for Bridge Construction • Preservation and Protection 20.3 Types of Timber Bridges. Superstructures • Timber Decks • Substructures 20.4 Basic Design Concepts. 20.1.1 Timber as a Bridge Material. 20.1.2 Past, Present, and Future of Timber Bridges. 20.2...
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23.1 Introduction. 23.1.1 Railroad Network. Since the deregulation of the railroad industry brought about by the 1980 Staggers Act, there have been numerous railway system mergers. The 10 Class I Railroads comprise only 2% of the number of railroads in the United States but account for 73% of the trackage and 91% of freight revenue.. As the turn of the...
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24.1 Introduction 24.2 Bridge Decks. 24.3 Approach Slabs. Structural Design Considerations • Settlement Problems • Additional Considerations 24.4 Summary. 24.1 Introduction. The deck is often composite with the main girders and, with reinforcement distributed in the effective regions of the deck, serves to impart flexural strength and torsional rigidity to the bridge. 24.2 Bridge Decks. 24.2.1 Cast-in-Place Reinforced Concrete. The...
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"Expansion Joints.". 25.1 Introduction. 25.2 General Design Criteria 25.3 Jointless Bridges. 25.4 Small Movement Range Joints. Sliding Plate Joints • Compression Seal Joints • Asphaltic Plug Joints • Poured Sealant Joints • Design Example 1. 25.5 Medium Movement Range Joints. Bolt-Down Panel Joints • Strip Seal Joints • Steel Finger Joints • Design Example 2. 25.6 Large Movement Range Joints....
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26.1 Introduction.. 26.2 Types of Bearings. Sliding Bearings • Rocker and Pin Bearings • Roller Bearings • Elastomeric Bearings • Curved. Bearings • Pot Bearings • Disk Bearings 26.3 Selection of Bearings. Determination of Functional Requirements • Evaluation of Bearings • Preliminary Bearing Design 26.4 Design of Elastomeric Bearings. 26.1 Introduction. Bearings are structural devices positioned between the bridge superstructure...
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27.1 Introduction 27.2 Structural Types. General • Selection Criteria 27.3 Design Loads. Live Loads • Thermal Forces 27.4 Design Criteria. 27.1 Introduction. 27.2 Structural Types. 27.2.1 General. 27.2.2 Selection Criteria. Figure 27.1 shows a collection of typical cross section shapes for overcrossings and viaducts on land and Figure 27.2 shows some typical cross section shapes for piers of river and...
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28.7 Summary. 28.1 Introduction. They project a mnemonic image that people remember as a lasting impression of the bridge itself. As examples of the powerful imagery of towers, contrast the elegant art deco towers of the Golden Gate Bridge (Figure 28.1) with the utilitarian but timeless architecture of the towers of the San Francisco–Oakland Bay Bridge (Figure 28.2). Or contrast...
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29.1 Introduction 29.2 Abutments. Abutment Types • General Design Considerations • Seismic Design Considerations • Miscellaneous Design Considerations • Design Example 29.3 Retaining Structures. 29.1 Introduction. 29.2 Abutments. 29.2.1 Abutment Types. FIGURE 29.1 Typical abutment types.. 29.2.2 General Design Considerations. Nonseismic design loads at service level and their combinations are shown in Table 29.1 and Figure 29.2. The load and...
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30.1 Introduction. Site and subsurface characteristics directly affect the choice of foundation type, capacity of the foundation, foundation construction methods, and bridge cost. The results of the first-phase study can then be used to develop a preliminary geologic model of the site, which is used to determine the key foundation design issues and plan the design-phase site investigation.. Definition of...
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31.1 Introduction 31.2 Design Requirements. 31.3 Failure Modes of Shallow Foundations 31.4 Bearing Capacity for Shallow Foundations. 31.7 Shallow Foundations on Rock. 31.8 Structural Design of Spreading Footings. 31.1 Introduction. 31.2 Design Requirements. Figure 31.2 illustrates the load–settlement relationship for a square footing subjected to a vertical load P . FIGURE 31.1 Definition sketch for shallow footings.. TABLE 31.1 Typical...
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32.1 Introduction. 32.3 Design Considerations. 32.6 Grouped Foundations. 32.7 Seismic Design. 32.2.1 Typical Foundations. 32.2.3 Classification. A short pile is a relatively rigid element that the bottom of the pile moves significantly. Length of the pile can be adjusted by welding. The length and size of the foundations can be tailored easily. Self-weight : Effective weight of the foundation.. 32.3.1...
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Strong Motion Attenuation and Duration 33.5 Probabilistic Seismic Hazard Analysis 33.6 Site Response. 33.7 Earthquake-Induced Settlement. 33.8 Ground Failure. Susceptibility • Initiation of Liquefaction • Lateral Spreading • Gloal Instability • Retaining Structures 33.9 Soil Improvement. 33.1 Introduction. 33.2 Seismology. FIGURE 33.1 Fault types.. 33.3 Measurement of Earthquakes. (33.2) where E S, is the total energy in ergs. (33.5) where...
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34.1 Introduction. 34.2 Effects of Site Conditions. 34.3 Correlation of Damage with Construction Era 34.4 Effects of Changes in Condition. 34.5 Effects of Structural Configuration 34.6 Unseating at Expansion Joints. Bridges with Short Seats and Simple Spans • Skewed Bridges • Curved Bridges • Hinge Restrainers 34.7 Damage to Superstructures. 34.8 Damage to Bearings 34.9 Damage to Substructures. 34.10 Summary....