Có 40+ tài liệu thuộc chủ đề "kiến trúc lớp"
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35.1 Introduction. 35.3 Multi-Degree-of-Freedom System. 35.5 Inelastic Dynamic Analysis. 35.1.1 Static vs. 35.1.2 Characteristics of Earthquake Ground Motions. 35.2 Single-Degree-of-Freedom System. 35.2.1 Equation of Motion. FIGURE 35.2 Idealized dynamic model. FIGURE 35.3 Examples of SDOF structures. (35.2) gives. (35.1) into Eq. (35.3), and is given by. 35.2.2 Characteristics of Free Vibration. (35.4) and is given by. FIGURE 35.5 Typical response...
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36.1 Introduction. 36.5 Nonlinear Section Analysis. 36.7 Practical Applications. 36.2 Analysis Classification and General Guidelines. Figure 36.1 shows lateral load vs. Table 36.1 summarizes basic assumptions of those methods. 36.2.1 Classifications. FIGURE 36.1 Lateral load–displacement curves of a frame.. TABLE 36.1 Structural Analysis Methods. FIGURE 36.2 Second–order effects.. 36.2.4 General Guidelines. 36.3 Geometric Nonlinearity Formulation. For a two-dimensional member as...
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37.1 Introduction 37.2 Design Philosophies. 37.3 No-Collapse-Based Design Approaches AASHTO-LRFD Specifications • Caltrans Bridge Design Specifications. 37.4 Performance-Based Design Approaches Caltrans Practice • New Caltrans Seismic Design Polices • ATC Recommendations. 37.5 Sample Performance-Based Criteria. 37.6 Summary. 37.1 Introduction. 37.2 Design Philosophies. 37.2.1 No-Collapse-Based Design. 37.2.2 Performance-Based Design. As shown in Figure 37.1, the performance requirements for a specific project...
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38.1 Introduction. Ductile Design • Capacity Design Approach 38.2 Typical Column Performance. Characteristics of Column Performance • Experimentally Observed Performance 38.3 Flexural Design of Columns. Earthquake Load • Fundamental Design Equation • Design Flexural Strength • Moment–Curvature Analysis • Transverse Reinforcement Design 38.4 Shear Design of Columns. 38.5 Moment–Resisting Connection between Column and Beam. 38.6 Column Footing Design. 38.1.1 Two-Level...
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39.1 Introduction. 39.4 Stiffened Steel Box Pier Design. 39.5 Alternative Schemes. 39.1.1 Seismic Performance Criteria. 39.1.2 The R Factor Design Procedure. The origin of the R factor design procedure can be traced back to the ATC 3-06 document [9] for building design. accounts for the reduction of the seismic force level from to . This reserve strength is contributed mainly...
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40.1 Introduction. 40.2 Identification and Prioritization. Hazard • Structural Vulnerability • Risk Analysis 40.3 Performance Criteria. 40.4 Retrofit Design. Until the 1989 Loma Prieta earthquake, most of the United States had not been concerned with seismic design for bridges, although some 37 states have some level of seismic hazard and there are hundreds of bridges in these other states that...
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41.1 Introduction. 41.2 Basic Concepts, Modeling, and Analysis Earthquake Response Spectrum Analysis • Structural Dynamic Response Modifications • Modeling of Seismically Isolated Structures • Effect of Energy Dissipation on Structural Dynamic Response. 41.3 Seismic Isolation and Energy Dissipation Devices Elastomeric Isolators • Sliding Isolators • Viscous Fluid Dampers • Viscoelastic Dampers • Other Types of Damping Devices. 41.4 Performance and...
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42.1 Introduction. 42.2 Description of SFSI Problems. Capacity Evaluations 42.3 Current State of the Practice. 42.6 Demand Analysis Procedures. 42.9 Concluding Statements. 42.2.1 Bridge Foundation Types. 42.2.2 Definition of SFSI Problem. 42.2.3 Demand vs. 42.3 Current State-of-the-Practice. 42.3.1 Elastodynamic Method. 42.3.2 Empirical “ p-y ” Method. δ a i ( t ) (42.1) The small local adjustment, δ a i...
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43.1 Introduction. 43.2 Analysis Techniques for Bridge Retrofit 43.3 Superstructure Retrofits. Expansion Joints and Hinges • Steel Bracing and Diaphragms • Concrete Edge Beams 43.4 Substructure Retrofits. Concrete Columns • Pier Walls • Steel Bents • Bearing Retrofit • Shear Key Retrofit • Cap Beam Retrofit • Abutments • Foundations 43.5 Summary. 43.2 Analysis Techniques for Bridge Retrofit. Table 43.1...
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44.1 Introduction. Hyogo-ken Nanbu Earthquake 44.4 1996 Seismic Design Specifications. R D dead load of superstructure (Section 44.4.11). S E seat length (Section 44.4.11). S EM minimum seat length (cm) (Section 44.4.11). ∆T difference of natural periods (Section 44.4.11). u G relative displacement of ground along the bridge axis (Section 44.4.11). u R relative displacement (cm) developed between a superstructure...
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45.1 Introduction. 45.15 Example of Suspension Bridge Cable Construction 45.16 Example of Cable-Stayed Bridge Construction 45.17 Field Checking at Critical Erection Stages 45.18 Determination of Erection Strength Adequacy 45.19 Philosophy of the Erection Rating Factor 45.20 Minimum Erection Rating Factors. This chapter addresses some of the principles and practices applicable to the construction of medium- and long-span steel bridges —...
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45.28 Further Illustrations of Bridges Under Construction, Showing Erection Methods. Figure 45.14 Royal Albert Bridge across River Tamar, Saltash, England, 1857. Figure 45.15 Eads Bridge across the Mississippi River, St. Figure 45.16 Glasgow (Missouri) railway truss bridge, 1879. Figure 45.17 Niagara River railway cantilever truss bridge, near Niagara Falls, New York, 1883. Figure 45.18 Construction of monumental Forth Bridge, Scotland,...
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Figure 45.26a Erection of individual wire loops.. Figure 45.26b Adjustment of individual wire loops.. Figure 45.26 Cable-spinning procedure for constructing suspension bridge-parallel-wire main cables, showing details of aerial spinning method for forming individual 5 mm wires into strands containing 400 to 500 wires. Each wire loop is erected as shown in Figure 45.26a (refer to Figure 45.25), then adjusted to...
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Figure 45.39 Manufacturing facility for production of shop-fabricated parallel-wire strands (PWS). Prior to 1966, parallel-wire suspension bridge cables had to be constructed wire-by-wire in the field using the aerial spinning procedure developed by John Roebling in the mid-19th century (refer to Figures 45.25 and 45.26). A PWS can contain up to 127 wires (see Figures 45.45 and 45.46).. Figure 45.40...
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46.1 Introduction. 46.2 Effective Construction Engineering 46.3 Construction Project Management. 46.6 Construction Operations. This chapter will focus on the principles and practices related to construction of concrete bridges in which construction engineering contributes greatly to the successful completion of the projects.. 46.2 Effective Construction Engineering. The final product of the design team effort is to produce drawings, specifications, and special...
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47.1 Introduction. The design and construction of the piers for overwater bridges present a series of demanding criteria.. The interaction with the superstructure is determined by the flexibility of the entire structural system and its surrounding soil.. Methods adopted must not diminish the future interactive behavior of the soil–structure system.. Bridge piers for overwater bridges typically represent 30 to 40%...
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48.3.1 Concrete. At the beginning of the project, a set of concrete mix designs should be proposed by the contractor for use in the project. The proposed concrete mix designs should be reviewed and approved by the inspector.. 48.3.2 Reinforcement. A Certificate of Compliance and a copy of the mill test report for each heat and size of reinforcing steel...
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After the 1967 tragic collapse of the Silver Bridge at Point Pleasant in West Virginia, national interest in the inspection and maintenance rose considerably. Congress passed the Federal Highway Act of 1968 which resulted in the establishment of the National Bridge Inspection Standard (NBIS). Over the past three decades, the bridge inspection program evolved into one of the most-sophisticated bridge...
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About one half of the approximately 600,000 highway bridges in the United States were built before 1940, and many have not been adequately maintained. Although bridge span length is not a limiting factor in the various strengthening procedures presented, the majority of the techniques apply to short-span and medium-span bridges. Several of the strengthening techniques, however, are equally effective for...
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51.1 Introduction 51.2 Material Properties. 51.3 Advantages and Disadvantages of Composites in Bridge Applications. 51.4 Pultruded Composite Shapes and Composite Cables. Pultruded Composite Shapes • Composite Cables 51.5 FRP Reinforcing Bars for Concrete. 51.6 Composite Bridge Decks. 51.7 Wearing Surface for a Composite Deck 51.8 Composite Bridge Structural Systems 51.9 Column Wrapping Using Composites 51.10 Strengthening of Bridge Girders Using....