Có 56+ tài liệu thuộc chủ đề "kiến trúc lớp"
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52.1 Introduction 52.2 Isolated Columns. 52.4 Modifications to Alignment Charts. LeMessurier Method • Lui Method • Remarks 52.6 Crossing Frame System. 52.9 Summary. 52.1 Introduction. 52.2 Isolated Columns. FIGURE 52.1 Isolated columns. Figure 52.2 summarizes the theoretical K factors for columns with some idealized end conditions [2,3]. The recommended K factors are also shown in Figure 52.2 for practical design...
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This chapter of the handbook will inform the reader about a particular aspect of durability, i.e., the fatigue and fracture failure mode, and about detailing for improved resistance to fatigue and fracture. Some of the bridges built before the mid-1970s (when the present fatigue-design specifications were adopted) may be susceptible to fatigue cracking. Detailing rules are perhaps the most important...
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"Statistics of Steel Weight of Highway Bridges.". 54.1 Introduction 54.2 Design Criteria. Live Loads • Materials 54.3 Database of Steel Weights 54.4 Statistics of Steel Weights. Simply Supported Noncomposite Plate Girder Bridges • Simply Supported Composite Plate Girder Bridges • Simply Supported Box-Girder Bridges • Continuously Supported Plate Girder Bridges • Continuously Supported Box-Girder Bridges • Truss Bridges • Arch...
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55.1 Introduction. 55.2 Weigh-in-Motion Truck Weight Measurement Weigh-in-Motion Equipment • Testing Procedure • Selection of Bridges for Testing • Results of WIM Tests 55.3 Fatigue Load Measurement. Testing Equipment • Rainflow Method of Cycle Counting • Results of Strain Spectra Testing 55.4 Dynamic Load Measurement. Introduction • Measured Dynamic Load 55.5 Summary. Knowledge of the past and current load spectra,...
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56.1 Introduction. 56.2 Consideration of Impact Effect in Highway Bridge Design. 56.3 Consideration of Impact Effect in Railway Bridge Design. 56.4 Free Vibration Analysis. Structural Models • Free Vibration Analysis 56.5 Forced Vibration Analysis under. (56.1) where D dyn is the maximum dynamic response for deflection, moment, or shear of the structural members and D st is the corresponding maximum...
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57.1 Introduction. 57.2 Winds and Long-Span Bridges. 57.3 Experimental Investigation. 57.4 Analytical Solutions. Vortex Shedding • Galloping • Flutter • Buffeting • Quasi-Static Divergence 57.5 Practical Applications. Suspension bridges and cable-stayed bridges shown in Figure 57.1 are typical structures susceptible to wind- induced problems.. Wind-induced vibration is one of the main concerns in a long-span bridge design. 57.2.1 Description of...
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58.1 Introduction. 58.3 Adjustment of the Cable Forces. General • Influence Matrix of the Cable Forces • Linear Programming Method • Order of. 58.5 Construction Control. Through the adjustment of the cable forces, the internal force distribution can be optimized to a state where the girder and the towers are compressed with little bending. During the construction of a cable-stayed...
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59.1 Introduction. 59.3 General Control Strategies and Typical Control Algorithms. 59.4 Case Studies. FIGURE 59.1 Base-isolated bridge with added active control system.. 59.2 Typical Control Configurations and Systems. 59.2.1 Active Bracing Control. TABLE 59.1 Bridge Control Systems. FIGURE 59.2 Relationship of control system development.. FIGURE 59.3 Active bracing control for steel truss bridge.. 59.2.2 Active Tendon Control. FIGURE 59.4 Block...
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It was only after a marked increase in the frequency and severity of vessel collisions with bridges that studies of the vessel collision problem have been initiated in recent years. 176 were killed when the aberrant vessel attempted to transit through a side span of the massive bridge. Most of the deaths occurred when a packed movie theater on the...
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61.1 Introduction. 61.2 Bridge Hydrology and Hydraulics. 61.3 Bridge Scour. 61.2.1 Hydrology. 61.2.1.1 Collection of Data. 61.2.1.2 Drainage Basin. The area of the drainage basin above a given point on a stream is a major contributing factor to the amount of flow past that point. The slope of the basin is a major factor in the calculation of the time...
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62.1 Sound Walls. 62.1.1 Introduction. When a sound barrier is inserted in the line of sight between a noise source and a receiver, the intensity of the noise diminishes on the receiver side of the wall. The main factors that contribute to the insertion loss are the diffraction and reflection of the noise by the sound wall, and transmission loss...
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63.1 Introduction. 63.2 Beam Bridges. General Description • Examples of Beam Bridges 63.3 Arch Bridges. 63.4 T-Type and Continuous Rigid Frame Bridges General Description • Examples of T-Type Rigid Frame Bridge • Examples of Continuous Rigid Frame Bridges. 63.5 Steel Bridges. General Description • Examples of Steel Bridges 63.6 Cable-Stayed Bridges. 63.7 Suspension Bridges. 63.1.1 Historical Evolution. FIGURE 63.1 Anji...
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64.1 Introduction 64.2 Design. 64.3 Short- and Medium-Span Bridges. 64.4 Long-Span Bridges. 64.5 Large Projects. 64.6 Future European Bridges. 64.1 Introduction. (Figure 64.1). FIGURE 64.1 Gard Bridge over the River Gardon. (Figure 64.4) crossed the River Elorn for half the cost of a conventional metal bridge. FIGURE 64.2 Firth of Forth Bridge. FIGURE 64.3 Alexandre III Bridge. FIGURE 64.4 Albert...
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65.1 Design. 65.9 Summary. 65.1.1 Design Philosophy. 65.1.2 Load. 65.1.3 Theory. 65.1.4 Stability Check. 65.2 Stone Bridges. Figure 65.1 shows Tennyo-bashi (span length, 9.5 m) located in Okinawa prefecture. 65.3 Timber Bridges [2,3]. FIGURE 65.1 Tennyo-bashi.. Figure 65.6 shows Kaminomori bridge [4]. Figure 65.7 shows Yokura bridge. Suspension Bridges — Table 65.4 shows two suspension bridges. Figure 65.8 shows Momo-...
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66.1 Introduction 66.2 Historical Evolution. 66.4 Bridge Design Theory and Methods. 66.5 Inspection and Test Techniques. 66.6 Steel and Composite Bridges Superstructures for Railway. 66.7 Concrete Bridges. 66.8 Cable-Stayed Bridges 66.9 Prospects. 66.1 Introduction. By it, we can readily measure a progress in each particular country.” The development of bridge engineering is based on previous experiences and historical aspects. 66.2...
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67.1 Introduction 67.2 Early U.S. Bridges 67.3 The Canal Era. 67.4 The Railroad Era. 67.5 The Motor Car Era. Floating Bridge 67.6 The Interstate Era. 67.7 Era of the Signature Bridge. 67.8 Epilogue Norman F. 67.1 Introduction. 67.2 Early U.S. FIGURE 67.1 The aqueduct bridge at La Purisima Mission, Santa Barbara County, California, is an example of a primitive bridge,...