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The first example is a bounded sentence with a VP that is telic because the length of the walk is pre-determined ⫺ see 1.39.8. In the second example, the VP is also telic because the distance is again pre-determined ⫺ it has been determined before the walking started ⫺ and because in an hour forms part of the situation-template (VP)....
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a special suffix and/or auxiliary) of an aspectual meaning that has to do with the way the speaker views the internal temporal structure of a situation. For example a speaker may view a situation as just beginning, focusing on the initial part of it (ingressive or inchoative aspectual meaning) or he may view the situation as a hypersituation which consists...
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2.2 ‘Orientation time’ and ‘situation time’: provisional definitions 95. 2.4 Temporal zero-point (t 0 ) 97. 2.8 Does English have a ‘future tense’? 102. 2.9 Future tense forms vs ‘futurish’ tense forms 106. 2.11 More on the notion of temporal zero-point (t 0 ) 110. 2.13 Time of the predicated situation vs time of the full situation 116. 2.14 Orientation...
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the time of uttering or writing the message. However, a situation denoted by a nonfinite clause is interpreted as temporally related to some other time in the context (as simultaneous with it, for example, in the case of a present participle, or as anterior to it, for example, in the case of a past participle).. It follows from our definition...
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In conclusion, our ‘future tense’ will cover not only the ‘pure future’ inter- pretation but also the ‘prediction’ sense and the ‘predictability’ meaning of will . 2.8.3 It is clear from 2.8.1 and 2.8.2 that we agree that there is an epistemic modal aspect of meaning in the future tense, 6 and that we assume that will - forms with...
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The sound you have just heard is the mating call of the lesser spotted otter.. (d) The writer of a letter may take the time of decoding as t 0 . (e) The author addressing the reader of a book may take as t 0 the stage in the book where the reader has arrived.. (f) Descriptions of travel itineraries...
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In that case the unspecified orientation time is not immediately recoverable, in the same way as the referent of he is not. Starting a novel this way, with a sentence containing one or more ‘unbound variables’, is an often used rhetorical device.) (d) A fourth type of orientation time is an (otherwise unspecified) time ‘con-. (In section 2.23.1 we will...
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W-simultaneity occurs when at least one point of one full situation coincides in time with any point of another full situation: strict coincidence of the times of the entire situation is not necessary.. In that case the temporal relations are not tense relations (T-rela- tions) or adverbially indicated relations (Adv-relations), but simply temporal relations that are inferred to exist in...
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2.22.2 P ure duration adverbials do not identify an Adv-time but only specify duration, more specifically the duration of the full situation.. As will be noted in 2.31.1, a pure duration adverbial specifies the duration of the full situation and not of the situation time (except indirectly, when the two happen to coincide ⫺ see 2.31.2.) Thus in, Today John...
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on 1 May 1999 , the relation between the various Adv-times is also Adv-time-simultaneity: 1999 includes on 1 May , which includes at 4 p.m . shortest) of these Adv-times that contains the situation time.. When a durative situation is bounded, it is (by definition) nonhomogeneous and there- fore the situation time cannot be a punctual portion of the time...
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The present and past time-spheres. 2.33 The conceptualization of ‘time-spheres’. There is no future tense morpheme. We will represent this division of time as involving two time-spheres: a past time-sphere and a present time-sphere.. ‘time-spheres’: the present time - sphere and the past time - sphere . past, present and future), time-spheres is based on several observations. 17 There is...
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situation time to t 0 but to another orientation time, in this case the situation time located by the future tense main clause.. A temporal domain need not be expanded: it may consist just of a single situation time, as in Meg bought a bike. 2.42.1 A temporal domain is a set of orientation times which are temporally related to...
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These included terms such as ‘tense’, ‘temporal zero-time’, ‘orientation time’, etc.. 2.51.1 A tense is the pairing of a particular verbal form with a meaning, the meaning being the specification of the temporal location of a situation. A tense relates the temporal location of a situation to the temporal zero-point (see below), which is usually speech time, or to some...
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the time of a punctual portion of the situation which is representative of the whole situation.) The fact that a progressive clause can combine with an adver- bial specifying a punctual Adv-time means that a progressive clause represents the predicated situation as a punctual situation which is representative of the longer full situation. When a durative situation is bounded, it...
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3.1.2 Since an absolute present tense form expresses no more than that the situation time coincides with t 0 , and since the situation time may be either the time of the full situation (if the situation is punctual) or a punctual subinterval of the full situation (if the situation is conceived of as homogeneous), the pres- ent tense does...
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The nonprogressive present therefore represents the future situation as absolutely certain to actualize, i. It implies that the speaker feels that he has no control over the actualization of the post-present situation.. Do that and you lose your pocket money! (By representing the post-present situation as if it were a present one, the speaker makes the threat more forceful than...
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The present tense as part of the ‘Special Present Time-sphere System’ 189. the reading that the full situa- tion is still continuing at t 0 . However, it will be noted in 12.11.5, that the present tense can sometimes be found instead of the present perfect if the speaker focuses on the present continuation of a (permanent or temporary) habit...
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A situation is W-bygone if it is completely over at t 0 . A situation is T-bygone if the situation time is represented as bygone by the tense form used.. The fact that a situation time is represented as T-bygone does not always mean that the full situation has to be over at t 0 . Thus, it does not...
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tion, a place adverbial may sometimes give only a very general idea of when the situation actualized. All that is required is that the situation can be located with sufficient precision for the purposes of the discourse. Thus I learned to swim in Australia uttered when the hearer knows that the speaker was in Australia between the ages of twenty...
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The absolute use of the present perfect. 5.36 The present perfect and current relevance 301. 5.37 The present perfect and the idea of present result 301. In this chapter we discuss the present perfect tense as it is used to locate a ‘T-bygone’ situation in time. As we saw in the previous chapter, this is also the function of the...