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The grammar of the english verb phrase part 1

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The Grammar of the English Verb Phrase Volume 1: The Grammar of the English Tense System. The grammar of the English tense system : a comprehensive analysis / by Renaat Declerck in cooperation with Susan Reed and Bert Cappelle.. (The grammar of the English verb phrase . The absolute use of the present tense 171. The absolute use of the...

The grammar of the english verb phrase part 2

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1.1 Aims and scope of the work 4. 1.4 The structure of the book 8. 1.15 The formation of the present tense 23. 1.16 The formation of the past tense 23. 1.17 The formation of the other tenses 24. 1.34 Ontological feature 1: ‘static’ versus ‘dynamic’ 51. 1.35 Ontological feature 2: ‘agentive’ versus ‘nonagentive’ 53. 1.36 Ontological feature 3: ‘homogeneous’...

The grammar of the english verb phrase part 3

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TLS a corpus of articles that appeared in the Times Literary Supplement in 1997. WSJ a corpus of articles that appeared in the Wall Street Journal in 1989 www texts from the Worldwide Web, especially from UK sources. As to the www-examples, we have carefully checked that they are indeed exam- ples occurring in texts produced by native speakers. As...

The grammar of the english verb phrase part 4

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If a sentence consists of two or more clauses, all but the head clause may be introduced by a conjunction, such as because and whether in the second example above. A conjunction forms part of the overall sentence, but not of the clause which it introduces.. 1.8.2 A sentence is complex if it consists of a ‘head clause’ (also known...

The grammar of the english verb phrase part 5

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in which case the verb is a ‘copula’ or ‘linking verb’ (see immediately below).. 1.13.2 The term ‘transitive verb’ does not cover one-complement verbs like be , seem , become , etc. A subject complement says something about the referent of the subject, i. There are four systems of the verb phrase which grammaticalize meaning, but only three will prove...

The grammar of the english verb phrase part 6

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example, can be used to refer not only to the present, but also to the past and to the future. For example, in narration we often find a switch from the past tense to the ‘historic present’:. One day, my youngest was sat in the garden brushing her rabbit when up comes Oscar. There are a few of us in...

The grammar of the english verb phrase part 7

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In the latter two examples, the habit referred to is located at t 0 and is not represented as restricted in time, so that it is interpreted as a permanent habit . as temporary) by the use of the progressive form. The use of a progressive form here leads to a habituality reading of a particular kind: the situation is...

The grammar of the english verb phrase part 8

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1.29.4 In this section the above distinctions are further illustrated. However, we can also say that the VP accosted me ‘describes an ac- tion’, and that the verb accost ‘describes an action’. In order to speak precisely we need the distinctions made in the previous section:. (a) The verb accost denotes a simple situation-template. In isolation, a predicate constituent does...

The grammar of the english verb phrase part 9

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1.33.1 In order to understand the meaning and use of certain tenses and of (non)progressive forms, it is necessary to classify templates for describing situa- tions on the basis of whether or not they represent the situation as having particular ontological features, such as ‘static’, ‘durative’, etc. 18 The set of features that are attributed to a situation by the...

The grammar of the english verb phrase part 10

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Unlike drank beer , the verb phrase drank five glasses of beer therefore denotes a heterogeneous situation- template.. 1.36.4 In the above paragraphs we have attributed the ontological feature. Thus, drink beer will be said to refer to a ‘ homogeneous ( type of ) situation ’ and John drank beer , which refers to an actualization of a homogeneous...

The grammar of the english verb phrase part 11

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There is no reading in which the duration of the situation of reading books itself is measured.). In fact, various constituents of the verb phrase can determine the (a)telic nature of the situation-template. For example, walk is an atelic verb, but walk a mile and walk for two hours are telic situation-templates. In the latter examples, the ‘ telicizing ’...

The grammar of the english verb phrase part 12

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1.43.2 It will be clear that we disagree with this categorization on a number of points. telic] is not applicable to punctual situations, because ‘telic’ means that the situation is ‘tending towards a natural point of completion’, which presupposes that it is durative.. 1.43.3 Note that neither in Vendler’s classification nor in our adapted version of it is there room...

The grammar of the english verb phrase part 13

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The first example is a bounded sentence with a VP that is telic because the length of the walk is pre-determined ⫺ see 1.39.8. In the second example, the VP is also telic because the distance is again pre-determined ⫺ it has been determined before the walking started ⫺ and because in an hour forms part of the situation-template (VP)....

The grammar of the english verb phrase part 14

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a special suffix and/or auxiliary) of an aspectual meaning that has to do with the way the speaker views the internal temporal structure of a situation. For example a speaker may view a situation as just beginning, focusing on the initial part of it (ingressive or inchoative aspectual meaning) or he may view the situation as a hypersituation which consists...

The grammar of the english verb phrase part 15

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2.2 ‘Orientation time’ and ‘situation time’: provisional definitions 95. 2.4 Temporal zero-point (t 0 ) 97. 2.8 Does English have a ‘future tense’? 102. 2.9 Future tense forms vs ‘futurish’ tense forms 106. 2.11 More on the notion of temporal zero-point (t 0 ) 110. 2.13 Time of the predicated situation vs time of the full situation 116. 2.14 Orientation...

The grammar of the english verb phrase part 16

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the time of uttering or writing the message. However, a situation denoted by a nonfinite clause is interpreted as temporally related to some other time in the context (as simultaneous with it, for example, in the case of a present participle, or as anterior to it, for example, in the case of a past participle).. It follows from our definition...

The grammar of the english verb phrase part 17

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In conclusion, our ‘future tense’ will cover not only the ‘pure future’ inter- pretation but also the ‘prediction’ sense and the ‘predictability’ meaning of will . 2.8.3 It is clear from 2.8.1 and 2.8.2 that we agree that there is an epistemic modal aspect of meaning in the future tense, 6 and that we assume that will - forms with...

The grammar of the english verb phrase part 18

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The sound you have just heard is the mating call of the lesser spotted otter.. (d) The writer of a letter may take the time of decoding as t 0 . (e) The author addressing the reader of a book may take as t 0 the stage in the book where the reader has arrived.. (f) Descriptions of travel itineraries...

The grammar of the english verb phrase part 19

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In that case the unspecified orientation time is not immediately recoverable, in the same way as the referent of he is not. Starting a novel this way, with a sentence containing one or more ‘unbound variables’, is an often used rhetorical device.) (d) A fourth type of orientation time is an (otherwise unspecified) time ‘con-. (In section 2.23.1 we will...

The grammar of the english verb phrase part 20

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W-simultaneity occurs when at least one point of one full situation coincides in time with any point of another full situation: strict coincidence of the times of the entire situation is not necessary.. In that case the temporal relations are not tense relations (T-rela- tions) or adverbially indicated relations (Adv-relations), but simply temporal relations that are inferred to exist in...