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The grammar of the english verb phrase part 21

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2.22.2 P ure duration adverbials do not identify an Adv-time but only specify duration, more specifically the duration of the full situation.. As will be noted in 2.31.1, a pure duration adverbial specifies the duration of the full situation and not of the situation time (except indirectly, when the two happen to coincide ⫺ see 2.31.2.) Thus in, Today John...

The grammar of the english verb phrase part 22

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on 1 May 1999 , the relation between the various Adv-times is also Adv-time-simultaneity: 1999 includes on 1 May , which includes at 4 p.m . shortest) of these Adv-times that contains the situation time.. When a durative situation is bounded, it is (by definition) nonhomogeneous and there- fore the situation time cannot be a punctual portion of the time...

The grammar of the english verb phrase part 23

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The present and past time-spheres. 2.33 The conceptualization of ‘time-spheres’. There is no future tense morpheme. We will represent this division of time as involving two time-spheres: a past time-sphere and a present time-sphere.. ‘time-spheres’: the present time - sphere and the past time - sphere . past, present and future), time-spheres is based on several observations. 17 There is...

The grammar of the english verb phrase part 24

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situation time to t 0 but to another orientation time, in this case the situation time located by the future tense main clause.. A temporal domain need not be expanded: it may consist just of a single situation time, as in Meg bought a bike. 2.42.1 A temporal domain is a set of orientation times which are temporally related to...

The grammar of the english verb phrase part 25

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These included terms such as ‘tense’, ‘temporal zero-time’, ‘orientation time’, etc.. 2.51.1 A tense is the pairing of a particular verbal form with a meaning, the meaning being the specification of the temporal location of a situation. A tense relates the temporal location of a situation to the temporal zero-point (see below), which is usually speech time, or to some...

The grammar of the english verb phrase part 26

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the time of a punctual portion of the situation which is representative of the whole situation.) The fact that a progressive clause can combine with an adver- bial specifying a punctual Adv-time means that a progressive clause represents the predicated situation as a punctual situation which is representative of the longer full situation. When a durative situation is bounded, it...

The grammar of the english verb phrase part 27

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3.1.2 Since an absolute present tense form expresses no more than that the situation time coincides with t 0 , and since the situation time may be either the time of the full situation (if the situation is punctual) or a punctual subinterval of the full situation (if the situation is conceived of as homogeneous), the pres- ent tense does...

The grammar of the english verb phrase part 28

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The nonprogressive present therefore represents the future situation as absolutely certain to actualize, i. It implies that the speaker feels that he has no control over the actualization of the post-present situation.. Do that and you lose your pocket money! (By representing the post-present situation as if it were a present one, the speaker makes the threat more forceful than...

The grammar of the english verb phrase part 29

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The present tense as part of the ‘Special Present Time-sphere System’ 189. the reading that the full situa- tion is still continuing at t 0 . However, it will be noted in 12.11.5, that the present tense can sometimes be found instead of the present perfect if the speaker focuses on the present continuation of a (permanent or temporary) habit...

The grammar of the english verb phrase part 30

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A situation is W-bygone if it is completely over at t 0 . A situation is T-bygone if the situation time is represented as bygone by the tense form used.. The fact that a situation time is represented as T-bygone does not always mean that the full situation has to be over at t 0 . Thus, it does not...

The grammar of the english verb phrase part

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tion, a place adverbial may sometimes give only a very general idea of when the situation actualized. All that is required is that the situation can be located with sufficient precision for the purposes of the discourse. Thus I learned to swim in Australia uttered when the hearer knows that the speaker was in Australia between the ages of twenty...

The grammar of the english verb phrase part 32

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The absolute use of the present perfect. 5.36 The present perfect and current relevance 301. 5.37 The present perfect and the idea of present result 301. In this chapter we discuss the present perfect tense as it is used to locate a ‘T-bygone’ situation in time. As we saw in the previous chapter, this is also the function of the...

The grammar of the english verb phrase part 33

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(c) As far as the full situation is concerned, there are three temporal W- interpretations : the ‘indefinite reading’ (i. the full situation comes to an end before t 0. the time of the full situa- tion includes t 0 ) and the ‘up-to-now reading’ (i. the terminal point of the full situation is adjacent to t 0. 5.2.4 Later...

The grammar of the english verb phrase part 34

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Representation of the up-to-now reading.. Representation of the continuative reading.. Whichever interpretation is selected in connection with the time of the full situation, the semantics of the present perfect is always ‘The situation time is located in the pre-present zone’, i. ‘The pre-present zone contains the situation time’. ‘situation time wholly before t 0. ‘the time of the predi- cated...

The grammar of the english verb phrase part 35

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sentence cannot be used in answer to the question How many people have you {ever killed / killed up to now. [The way I rationalised these conflicting emotions was entirely predictable.] It’s the view that I have seen expressed everywhere ever since : [what was offensive was not the image itself, but its blatant exploitation for a commercial purpose.] (www)...

The grammar of the english verb phrase part 36

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The absolute use of the present perfect. 5.8.4 When the situation referred to is a repetitive habit (which is a static hypersituation ⫺ see 1.23.3), the continuative interpretation is ruled out if the precise number of subsituations making up the hypersituation is specified. This too has to do with the criterion of nonboundedness, since a specification of the number of...

The grammar of the english verb phrase part 37

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5.12 Indefinite readings of negative present perfect sentences. A clause triggering an indefinite perfect interpretation can be used not only to say that (or to question whether) a situation has actualized in a period leading up to now but also to say that it has not actualized in that period. [I don’t know that song.] I’ve never heard it in...

The grammar of the english verb phrase part 38

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5.17.2 Sentences receiving the up-to-now reading may serve various func- tions. This means that within the up-to-now reading (which is a temporal W- reading) we can distinguish several functional types. (or ‘W-interpretation’) and ‘reading’ (or W-reading’ will not only be applied to the three temporal W-interpretations (W-readings) of the present perfect (viz.. ‘indefinite’, ‘up-to-now’ and ‘continuative. Within the up-to-now reading,...

The grammar of the english verb phrase part 39

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subsituations in the pre-present’, which allows the hypersituation to involve gaps in between the actualizations of the subsituations or to consist of only one subsituation surrounded by gaps or even of one gap and zero subsituations (as in [ “How often have you met him since then. In other words, what determines this kind of constitution reading is that the...

The grammar of the english verb phrase part 40

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2003 that I have been living here is odd because its default reading is ‘I haven’t been living here long, in fact (only) since 2003’ rather than ‘I could have lived here before 2003 but have only lived here since 2003’.. In sum, in the sentences that are unacceptable (in isolation), the phrases that are supposed to function as the...