Có 40+ tài liệu thuộc chủ đề "triết học quốc tế"
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The phrase ‘continental philoso- phy’ acquired its current meaning only after the Second World War when a process of increasing mutual exclu- sion of the English-speaking philosophical world and that of the continent of Europe, which had been going on since early in the century, was finally recognized to be as deep as it was. This unity survived the Renaissance...
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evidence suggests—the universe looks roughly the same in all directions from any point of view, then it must be either expanding or contracting. One might think Hubble’s observation suggests that the focal point of the universe’s expansion must be some- where near the earth, and therefore that the universe is not the same from any point of view. To avoid...
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For example, Leibniz’s law—the principle that if x = y then whatever is true of x is true of y—can fail when talking about beliefs and desires. Since such intensionality is plausibly essential to descriptions of belief and desires, how can we accommodate these states within a Quinean theory of the world?. (1970) he uses the irreducibility of the mental...
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Much of the contemporary work in deontic logic has been inspired by the deontic paradoxes, a collection of puzzle cases that have seemed to highlight deficiencies in the standard system. According to a version of the good Samaritan paradox, Smith’s repenting of a murder logic- ally implies his committing the murder, but his obliga- tion to repent does not imply...
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*fatalism—the attitude that it makes no difference what we do because the future is unaffected by our present. The best examples of *determin- ism, or the lack of it, are found in the theories of physics. At first glance, we might say that such a theory is determinis- tic whenever the state of a system at some initial time plus...
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The moral and intellectual privilege of the philosopher is a prominent theme in Spinoza (Ethics, proposition 41,. There are kinds of certainty (and indubitability) falling short of the absolute certainty criticized by sceptics. Similar arguments against the Cartesian use of the method of doubt are found in thinkers like Thomas Reid.. Descartes, Meditations, in The Philosophical Writings of Descartes, tr....
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somewhat immune.) Rousseau’s work can also be seen as the start of a pervasive interest in the details of child development in educational thought, even if the details of the work of such as Piaget and Kohlberg owe more to the category-based philosophical psychology of Kant than to Rousseau himself.. The ‘full meaning’ of studies is secured only when they...
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object, which could be inferred from the properties of the parts.. However, an emergentist view of mentality is still influential, and survives in the doctrine of non-reductive *physicalism, a leading position on the *mind–body problem, according to which psychological characteristics, although they occur only under appropriate physical–biological conditions, are irreducibly distinct from them. The ultimate coherence of the notion of...
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There he maintained that reason, in the service of the supreme value of bodily security, dictates obedience to an unlimited sovereign. All men are equally liable to death at the hands of others, so all have the same interest in the establishment of a supreme power that can protect them against it. Hobbes saw the civil war as the outcome...
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knowledge and intelligence in the individual. The first instance of such a philosophical theory, only partially successful, is to be found in the last chapter of Aristotle’s Posterior Analytics and is a response to an argument in Plato’s Meno that *learning and the acquisition of new knowledge is. It has been a major interest of many philosophers almost from the...
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Kant, for example, has been criticized for defining morality in terms of the formal feature of being a ‘universal law’, and then attempting to derive from this formal feature various con-. Immanuel Kant, Groundwork of the Metaphysic of Morals, various edns., e.g. The two traditional branches of the theory of value. Ethics and aesthetics are thus connected, in that part...
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So although these practical undertakings manifest an existential concern with the world, Heidegger argues that they do not arise from the will if that is conceived in terms of the self-conscious adoption of a project. Thus Heidegger’s account of the existential structure of human life is basically worked out at an un- self-conscious level, which is also fundamental to the...
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The ethics of the family concerns, first, problems within a family, such as the extent to which children should be allowed to make their own decisions, and how far parents should be held responsible for their children’s behaviour, and secondly, problems about the family, such as what constitutes a family, and how far a family unit should be kept together...
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The second proposition, that the non-I is determined by the I, gives rise to the practical Wissenschaftslehre, and this is, for Fichte, crucial to the I’s construction of the world.. In other works of the period, notably The Science of Rights (1796–7. Fichte’s doctrines so far are well summarized in The Vocation of Man (1800. New York, 1956), in which...
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It appears that Plato was led to the theory in the first place by con- sidering such types as the type of person who is virtuous, but he then extended it to many other types. Although they appear concerned with origins, Foucault insisted that his topic was the implicit know- ledge that underlay and made possible specific practices, institutions, and...
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auguste comte expounded in the 1830s a positivist theory of knowledge, and put forward sociology as the newest and most complex of the sciences.. parallel to this was his distinction of the roles of intuition and intellect in acquisition of knowledge.. maurice merleau-ponty argued that a person’s appre- hension of the outside world is a two-way process: each, in different...
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Where a free variable α occurs in Φ the application of the rule binds the variable. Formalizations specify condi- tions and syntactic restrictions for application of the rule to ensure that the inferences are valid. An example of a valid application of the rule is the inference of. The doctrine of the general will is found in the writings of...
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He sought to recover an authentic version of Thomism which he understood to focus on the primacy of existence in the account of being. Sometimes, the sceptic’s claims have been said to be incoherent in the sense that to be true, or even to make sense at all, they require assumptions which make them false. Alternatively, the claims have been...
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Goodman’s *nominal- ism is sometimes described as a rejection of classes, but may best be summed up in his words: ‘the nominalist rec- ognizes no distinction of entities without a distinction of content’. Such a view is of course compatible with a concern about the conse- quences of action—but only so long as the supreme value of the good will...
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Problems for the view are especially salient in the ethics of creation. A further problem is avoiding a collapse of the notion of harm into the related notion of wrong, or being wronged.. Professor of Philosophy at Princeton University, best known for contributions in the philosophy of mind, epistemology, and ethics. and elimination rules governing a logical constant which renders...