Có 20+ tài liệu thuộc chủ đề "Bài giảng Nguyên lý Sinh học"
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correctness of the hypothesis. Hypothesis 2 Hypothesis 3 Hypothesis 4 Hypothesis 5. Hypothesis 3 Hypothesis 4 Hypothesis 5. Hypothesis 5 Hypothesis 3 Hypothesis 2. Hypothesis 3 Hypothesis 2. Last remaining possible hypothesis Hypothesis 5. Evolution – the core unifying theme that explains much of the observations connected with the other themes
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Chemical Bonds Hold Molecules Together and Store Energy. Oxidation-Reduction Reactions (redox reactions) Are Common in Biological Systems. Describe the difference between the terms “element” and “atom”.. What are chemical symbols, and what is the periodic table?. Draw a model of a neutral atom with atomic number 6 and atomic mass 12.. http://serc.carleton.edu/images/usingdata/nasaimages/periodic-table.gif. elements – substances that cannot be further broken...
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polar nature of water molecules. water’s polar nature hydrogen bonds and similar interactions. high specific heat of water temp
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organic compounds. functional groups. Organic Compounds. typically, only one form of an enatiomer pair is found in and/or used by organisms. amino acids (found in proteins. Functional Groups. found in alcohols. found in aldehydes and ketones. found in organic acids (such as amino acids). found in such things as amino acids. found in some amino acids. found in such things...
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Chapter 5: What are the major types of organic molecules?. example: proteins - amino acids. example: nucleic acids – nucleotides. Carbohydrates: what are they, and what are they used for?. ~50% of the carbon in found in plants. Lipids: what are they, and what are they used for?. the polar (or hydrophilic) portion of the molecule tends to interact with...
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Chapter 6: A Tour of the Cell. Studying cells – microscopy and fractionation. Outside the cell. specialized structures with the cell are called organelles. What is surface area to volume ratio,. Plasma membrane surrounds cells and separates their contents from the external environment. surface area to volume ratio puts a limit on cell size. food and/or other materials must get...
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the plasma membrane surrounds the cell and separates the interior of the cell from the external environment. membrane-bound organelles have their interior region separated from the rest of the cell. helps to establish and maintain appropriate environments in the cell even as the outside environment changes. most of the lipids involved are phospholipids, although others like cholesterol and various glycolipids...
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heat energy is lost to the surroundings. energy converted to heat in the surroundings increases entropy (spreading of energy). Every energy conversion increases the entropy of the universe.. Chemical Reactions and Free Energy. changes in free energy. free energy = energy available to do work in a chemical reaction (such as: create a chemical bond). free energy changes depend on...
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Aerobic Respiration. aerobic respiration – a generally efficient process that requires O 2. anaerobic respiration – processes similar to aerobic respiration but that do not use O 2. Write the overall chemical equation for aerobic respiration and note what gets oxidized and what gets reduced.. List and describe the 4 general types of reactions in aerobic respiration.. Aerobic respiration: a...
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Supplemental Carbon Fixation: C 4 and CAM pathways. use light energy to fix CO 2. photoheterotrophs – use light energy but cannot fix CO 2 . dependent completely on other organisms for energy capture and carbon fixation. between lie all the colors of the rainbow. low energy: at best, change in motion of the. chlorophyll, the main light-harvesting molecule, is...
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Draw a circle diagram of the eukaryotic cell cycle. organizes between the two poles (opposite ends) of the cell. include vesicularization of the nuclear membrane and attachment of. midplane of the cell (the metaphase plate). sister chromatids. each has an identical copy of the genetic information
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meiosis I and meiosis II phases. gamete – zygote – meiosis. homologous chromosomes – diploid. the partners are called homologous chromosomes. each member in a pair of homologous chromosomes contains very similar, but not identical, genetic information (more on this in the next unit, genetics). the two cell divisions are called meiosis I and meiosis II. homologous chromosomes separate during...
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Sex determination and sex chromosomes. The foundation of genetics: Mendel’s laws of inheritance. demonstrated by Gregor Mendel in the mid-1800s. at the time of Mendel’s work, most thought. phenotype – appearance or characteristic of an organism. locus – the location of a particular gene on a chromosome. alleles – alternative versions of a gene. Sex determination and sex chromosomes (Ch....
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15: Chromosomal Abnormalities. Abnormalities in Chromosomal Number. Abnormalities in Chromosomal Structure:. Fragile Sites. nondisjunction – polyploidy. aneupoidy – trisomy. Abnormalities in chromosomal number. usually in meiosis, although in mitosis occasionally. in meiosis, can occur in anaphase I or II. polyploidy – complete extra sets (3n, etc. aneuploidy – missing one copy or have an extra copy of a single chromosome....
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the genetic material. Evidence that DNA is the genetic material. Structure of DNA. DNA replication is semiconservative. DNA replication: the process. What must genetic material do?. Why did biologists used to think that proteins are the genetic material?. Describe Griffith’s experiments with genetic transformation and how they (and follow-up experiments) helped determine the genetic material.. inheritance was in place in...
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The Genetic Code. Discuss the derivation of the “one gene, one polypeptide” model, tracing the. in connection with the rediscovery of Mendel’s work around the dawn of the 20th century, the idea that genes are responsible for making enzymes was advanced. this view was summarized in the classic work Inborn Errors of Metabolism (Garrod 1908). work by Beadle and Tatum...
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Darwin’s voyage. Darwin’s theory: evolution occurs by natural selection. Evidence supporting the theory of evolution. The central role of evolution in modern biology. developed the concept of evolution by natural selection.. now discredited in biology, but still part of the social consciousness. Figure 1.4 A mylodon.. The Voyage of the H.M.S. Figure 1.1 “I was in many ways a naughty...
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frequencies or genotype frequencies in a population over time. Genetic equilibrium in populations: the Hardy-Weinberg theorem. Microevolution is deviation from Hardy- Weinberg equilibrium. Genetic variation must exist for natural selection to occur. Explain what terms in the Hardy- Weinberg equation give:. allele frequencies (dominant allele, recessive allele, etc.). Microevolution is a change in allele frequencies or genotype frequencies in a...
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Reproductive isolation can occur in a variety of ways. Reproductive isolation is the key to cladogenic speciation. Cladogenic speciation has two modes: allopatric speciation and sympatric speciation. species – “kind of living thing”. the word “species” is both plural and singular. asexual species – definition based on biochemical differences (think. reproductive isolation = means of preventing gene flow between two...
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Evolutionary History of Life on Earth. Chemical conditions of the early Earth. A model for the first cells. Life changes the planet: oxygenating Earth’s oceans and atmosphere. History of life on Earth. What is the best current estimate of the age of the Earth, and what is the. requirements for life to begin on Earth?. oldest known Earth minerals (date...