Có 60+ tài liệu thuộc chủ đề "Cân bằng tài chính"
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Simulation of the log-likelihood function 2412. Simulation of the score function 2428. We review three general ap- proaches that combine estimation of LDV models and simulation: simulation of the log-likelihood function (MSL), simulation of moment functions (MSM), and simulation of the score (MSS). The MSS is a combination of ideas from MSL and MSM, treating the efficient score of the...
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(“regressors”) and unobservable “errors” according to a fixed structural relation of the form. In this approach the interpretation of the error term E is different than for the parametric approach. its stochastic properties derive from its definition in terms of the functional g. Estimation of the function g. is straightforward once a suitable estimator gYIX of the conditional distribution of...
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Estimators that depend on the shape of the estimated function 2538. This chapter describes some of the existing results on the development of nonparametric methods using the restrictions of economic theory.. Studying restrictions on the relationship between economic variables is one of the most important objectives of economic theory. The usefulness of the restrictions of economic theory on parametric models...
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ANALOG ESTIMATION OF ECONOMETRIC MODELS*. The analogy principle 2.2. Econometric models. Method-of-moments estimation of separable models 3.1. Method-of-moments estimation of response models 4.1. Estimation of general separable and response models 5.1. Closest-empirical-distribution estimation of separable models 5.2. Minimum-distance estimation of response models. If there is no such statistic, then one may choose an estimate that, in some well-defined sense, makes...
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Symmetry of the problem 3. In the simplest case of two hypotheses H, and H,, this is equivalent to the definition of the critical region giving the set of observations for which H, is rejected. However, the determination of the decision rule is not done on the same basis as model choice. Hypothesis testing theory is usually advocated when one...
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Estimation of asymptotic covariance matrices and computation of the major test statistics are covered. Most of the specific work on nonergodic processes has been in the context of linear models. An immediate implication of essential stationarity is that the variance of the partial sum,. Condition (2.2) implies that the variance of the partial sum is bounded above by a multiple...
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Tests of the I( 1) and I(0) hypotheses: links and practical limitations 6.1. Early versions of new classical theories of the business cycle (real business cycle models) predicted that many real economic variables would exhibit considerable persistence, more precisely, would contain a unit root in their autoregressive (AR) representations.. Orcutt (1948) found a high degree of serial correlation in the...
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Identification of the structural VAR 4.5. This paper surveys two of the most important recent developments in this area:. proposition is testable without a complete specification of the structural model.. The first question ~ what is the dynamic response of the variables to exogenous shocks. Before proceeding to the body of the survey, three organizational comments are useful. Regression (2.2)...
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This paper surveys some of the recent developments in nonlinear analysis of economic time series. and denote all of the variables (and lags) used in I, by w,. The properties of the estimated models should be checked. Recent surveys of some of the topics considered here include Tong (1990) for univariate time series, Delgado and Robinson (1992) Hardle (1990) and...
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becomes more highly leveraged when the value of the firm falls. Numerous parametric specifications for the time varying conditional variance have been proposed in the literaturẹ In the linear ARCH(q) model originally introduced by Engle (1982), the conditional variance is postulated to be a linear function of the past q squared innovations,. The appeal of the observational equivalent formulation in...
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Overview of the Kalman filter 2.2. Derivation of the Kalman filter 2.3. Interpretation of the Kalman filter with non-normal disturbances 2.6. Empirical application - an analysis of the real interest rate 4. Linear state-space representation of the Markov-switching model 4.2. This chapter reviews the usefulness of the Kalman filter for parameter estimation and inference about unobserved variables in linear dynamic...
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Alternative models of the “error term”. the optimal decision rule 6 is a deterministic function of the state s,. Under the further restriction that {E,} is an IID extreme value process we obtain a dynamic generalization of the well-known multinomial logit model,. Although many of the results described in Section 3 can be generalized to continuous- time semi-Markov processes [Ahn...
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Following the merger, ABN AMRO has established itself as a global bank with operations in 76 countries and territories including the United States, where the bank has a 16% share of the Midwest market. The four values forming the basis of the bank’s activities are integrity, teamwork, respect, and professionalism. ABN AMRO perceives its corporate identity and values as the...
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Introduction to Cost Management Systems. What is a cost management system and what are its primary goals?. What major factors influence the design of a cost management system?. Why should one consider organizational form, structure, and culture when designing a cost management system?. How do the internal and external operating environments impact the cost management system?. What three groups of...
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How is cost of goods manufactured calculated?. Cost of goods sold and expired selling and adminis- trative costs are examples of expenses. Product costs are also called inventoriable costs and include the cost of di- rect material, direct labor, and overhead. these costs are treated as product costs and inventoried as part of the cost of the construction job until...
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Activity-Based Cost Systems for Management. What is the focus of activity-based management?. Why must cost drivers be designated in an activity-based costing system?. How does activity-based costing differ from a traditional cost accounting system?. How does the installation of an activity-based costing system affect behavior?. What is attribute-based costing and how does it extend activity-based costing?. When is activity-based costing...
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Job Order Costing. In what production situations is a job order costing system appropriate and why?. What purposes are served by the primary documents used in a job order costing system?. What journal entries are used to accumulate costs in a job order costing system?. How do technological changes impact the gathering and use of information in job order costing...
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Process Costing. Why are equivalent units of production used in process costing?. Equivalent Units of Production. Why are equivalent units of production used in process. equivalent units of production. Thus, the term EUP has taken on a generic use to mean “the denominator used to compute the unit cost of production for a period in a process costing system.” We...
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What is the cost of quality products?. No disturbance to the cosmetic appearance of the store;. the incremental cost is a few moments of the chef’s time. Any loss in excess of the AQL is an abnormal loss. Selection of the most appropriate method depends on two factors: (1) the cause of the decrease and (2) management expectations regarding lost...
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olectron Corporation is the first company in the his- tory of the Malcolm Baldrige National Quality Award program to have won that award twice (in 1991 and 1997). company that could and would manufacture high-quality products in the United States, and that focused on giving customers exactly what they wanted. Chen noted that the quality principles being applied in Japan...