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The door in the dining room really needs a new coat of paint.. The witness to the crime refused to testify.. The rim of the cup was chipped.. The waiting period in the clinic is nearly an hour.. It seemed like we visited every old church in the city.. The period just after sunset is the most dangerous time to...
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Temporal noun: This is the time when/that we agreed to meet.. Residents of the city have not registered will not be able to vote.. The neighborhood I live is getting more expensive all the time.. The following chart summarizes the basic rules about how the external and internal consid- erations jointly determine the form of the relative pronouns:. Underline all...
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Here are examples of restrictive and nonrestrictive adjective clauses. The adjective clauses are underlined, and the relative pronouns are in italics:. Restrictive: The house that is on the corner of Elm and 17th Street is for sale.. However, when we delete the nonrestrictive adjective from the second example, the basic meaning of the original sentence remains unchanged:. Obviously, when we...
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The taxi cab driver had a GPS system in the cab.. All the senior executives of the company were called to a special meeting.. The population of North Dakota is one of the few in the United States that is actually falling.. The Southern Cross is the best-known constellation in the Southern Hemisphere.. The fi rst-person pronouns (I, me, we,...
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The general rule is that the antecedent of a refl exive pronoun is the nearest preceding noun that plays the role of subject or object of a verb. The understood you is the antecedent to the refl exive pronouns yourself or yourselves.. Fill in the blank with the appropriate refl exive pronoun. There is another, completely different use of refl...
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Underline the gerund phrases in the following sentences. The problem was attaching such a big fi le to the e-mail.. One of the hardest things about identifying gerunds is telling apart a verb in a progressive tense from a gerund that follows a linking verb. In the case of our example, we can change the past progressive was get- ting...
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Underline the infi nitive phrases in the following sentences. Then shift the phrases to the end of the sentence, using a dummy it in the subject position.. To begin eating while the hostess was in the kitchen seemed terribly rude.. Noun Clauses. Noun clauses are dependent clauses that function as noun phrases. Here are examples of noun clauses playing the...
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When a that clause is used as the object of a verb, we often delete the word that from the beginning of the noun clause. That clauses are unique in this respect: no other type of noun clause has the option of deleting its introductory word. Consequently, anytime we recognize a noun clause that does not begin with a distinctive...
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Here are some examples, fi rst with an information question, then a wh- clause mistakenly using the same question word order, and fi nally the correct wh- clause word order. Information question: Who is that man?. Incorrect wh- clause: X I know who is that man.. Correct wh- clause: I know who that man is.. Incorrect wh- clause: X I...
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The six basic verb forms are the base, the present tense, the past tense, the infi nitive, the present participle, and the past participle. The next chapter covers the forma- tion and meaning of the tenses created from these six verb forms and from the modal auxiliary verbs.. All verbs (with the important exceptions of be and the modal auxiliary...
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Two other verbs have irregular pronunciations in the third-person singular:. All of the verbs in the following list form their third-person singular in the regular way with a single sibilant sound pronounced /s/ or /z/ or with a separate unstressed syllable pronounced /ǝz/. Write the third-person singular form of the noun in the /s/, /z/, or /ǝz/ column depending on...
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Present participle. The present participle is also completely regular. It is formed by adding -ing to the base form.. Base form Present participle be being. The rules of spelling sometimes cause the present participle to be spelled differently from the base form. If the base form ends in a fi nal silent e, the e will drop. Base form Present...
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Present tense. One of the most confusing features of the present tense for nonnative speakers is that the present- tense verb form does not actually mean present time. The two most common uses of the present tense are for making timeless factual statements and for describing habitual actions.. The present tense is used to state timeless (that is, not bound...
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As soon as the rain let up, we dash out of the building.. Apparently, Shakespeare write his fi rst play before he ever go to London.. The future perfect (FP) consists of will have (the future tense of have) followed by a verb in the past participle form. The action or event described by the future perfect tense must be...
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When you called, we were working in the garden.. From noon on, I was raking leaves in the backyard.. Examine each verb in italics in the following sentences. Rewrite the verb as a past progressive.. The future progressive (F Prog) consists of the future tense (FT) of the verb be (will be) followed by a verb in the present participle...
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I love going for long walks in the fall.. You need to be more careful in the future.. Finally we recovered what we had initially invested in the company.. Separable and inseparable phrasal (two-word) verbs. Phrasal (two-word) verbs are an idiomatic combination of verbs and prepositions or adverbs whose meanings are often wildly unpredict- able. Phrasal verbs also pose a...
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The second complement type that linking verbs can take is a predicate adjective. Here are some examples with the linking verb in italics and the predicate adjective in bold.. For example, here is the true adjective amusing used both as a noun modifi er and as a predicate adjective:. Predicate adjective: His story was amusing.. Predicate adjective: The story was...
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Indirect object direct object. IO DO. When there are two objects in a sentence, the objects are called the indirect object (IO) and the direct object (DO).. “object.” We can only have an indirect object where there is also a direct object.) The two objects occur in a fi xed order: the indirect object always precedes the direct object. John...
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Underline and label the noun phrases that follow the verbs in the following sentences, using Obj NP Comp and IO DO for the two complement types. The newspaper named AMPEX Corporation the company of the year.. The magazine ranked him one of the best young golfers in the state.. The press called her a rising star in the industry.. Some...
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They consist of the introductory word that a sentence in its normal statement word order. Obj that clause. The deletion of that from a that clause poses special problems for nonnative speakers because the deletion erases one of the key signals that we rely on to identify that clauses. From this point on, we will put that in parentheses to...