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The grammar of the english verb phrase part 53

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7.16 The present tense. Both the progressive and the nonprogressive present tense can under certain conditions be used to talk about a situation whose post-present actualization is dependent on present circumstances:. This use of the present tense, which represents a shift of temporal perspective, is treated in detail in 3.8 ⫺ 10.. Absolute tense forms referring to the post-present. 7.17.1...

The grammar of the english verb phrase part 54

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8.1 Full situation vs predicated situation. 8.1.1 We have defined the full situation as the complete situation as it actualized in the past, has actualized (or has been actualizing) in the pre-pres- ent, is actualizing at t 0 or is expected to actualize in the post-present. The predicated situation is that part of the full situation (possibly all of it)...

The grammar of the english verb phrase part 55

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‘present zone’. and the portion that follows t 0 (and starts immediately after t 0 ) is the ‘post-present zone’.. To locate situations in these three zones we use the present perfect, the present tense and the future tense (or a ‘futurish form. see 7.3.1), respec- tively. (Have read is a present perfect tense form locating its situation time somewhere...

The grammar of the english verb phrase part 56

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terval of the time of the full situation of Jim’s being ill. This subinterval is identified through the relation of coincidence with the binding orientation time.. (This implies that, since the situation time of noticed is interpreted as punctual, the situation time of was is also punctual, i. a punctual interval of the homo- geneous durative full situation of Jim...

The grammar of the english verb phrase part 57

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This test is corroborated by the fact that it makes the correct predictions in cases in which the relevant T-relation is T-anteriority rather than T-simultane- ity:. He had often considered whether it would not be better to draw up a written defence and hand it in to the Court.] In this defence he would give a short account of his...

The grammar of the english verb phrase part 58

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tense forms which naturally takes place when an utterance is reported in the form of past represented speech. (a) A situation time that is ‘originally’ (i. in the original direct speech utter- ance) T-related to t 0 (and thus establishes a domain of its own), is now (i. in past represented speech) T-related to the central orientation time of a...

The grammar of the english verb phrase part 59

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This means that the situation time receives its temporal specification from the location at t 0 , which is the strongest possible kind of temporal specification, since t 0 is by definition ‘given’: in sentences with an unanchored time-specifying adverbial, the situation time derives its temporal specification exclusively from the adverbial, because the Adv-time ‘contains’. the situation time (in terms...

The grammar of the english verb phrase part 60

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he would wait until his wife { arrived. would arrive. If we assume that the meaning of until includes an ‘implicit orientation time. until means ‘until the time that. the use of the past tense is explained naturally: it represents the situation time of John’s wife’s arrival as T-simultaneous with the implicit orientation time.. 8.28.1 The concept of relative past...

The grammar of the english verb phrase part 61

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the present ⫺ see the discussion of the ‘Special Present Time-sphere System’ in we cannot use a nonprogressive present tense form to locate a single durative dynamic situation at t 0. (b) The present tense represents the situation time as coinciding with t 0 . (c) It follows from (a) and (b) that the situation time of a present tense...

The grammar of the english verb phrase part 62

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(As shown in 8.24, the absolute tense is not compatible with the W-reading ‘situation time after t 0. whereas the relative tense is: He said he would do it when he had time, which is tomorrow. A second point in favour of treating the relative past tense as a tense in its own right is that it has a temporal...

The grammar of the english verb phrase part 63

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The principle of unmarked temporal interpretation. It follows that such a shift of domain is only pragmatically acceptable if the temporal order of the situations is either irrelevant or recoverable in some other way, e. from the use of time adverbials, from the order in which the situations are reported, from the linguistic context, from pragmatic knowledge (i. the extralinguistic...

The grammar of the english verb phrase part 64

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time of the full situation vs situation time. time of the predicated situation), only the latter of which is located in time by the tense form used. the use of absolute tenses to locate a situation time in any of the four absolute zones (i. portions of the time line defined relative to t 0. either in the past zone...

The grammar of the english verb phrase part 65

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Temporal subordination in a past time-sphere domain 444. The expression of T-anteriority in a past domain 444. 9.1 The past perfect 444. The expression of T-simultaneity in a past domain 448. 9.3 The relative past tense 448. The expression of T-posteriority in a past domain 450. 9.6 The past versions of futurish forms 451. The T-relation expressed by the conditional...

The grammar of the english verb phrase part 66

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The expression of T-simultaneity in a past domain 9.3 The relative past tense. T-simultaneity in a past domain is expressed by means of the relative past tense, irre- spective of whether the binding time is the central orientation time or another orienta- tion time in that past domain.. 9.3.1 In order to represent a situation time as T-simultaneous with an...

The grammar of the english verb phrase part 67

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9.6.5 Parallel to the use of the present tense of be to for official arrangements regarding the future (see 7.15), the past tense of be to can be used to refer to a past official arrangement concerning the actualization of a posterior situation:. [There were a lot of plainclothes policemen in the hotel] where the conference was to take place.....

The grammar of the english verb phrase part 68

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present temporal domain whose central orientation time is the situation time of a present perfect tense form in a clause receiving an indefinite interpretation. Has he ever promised that he would help you? (T-posteriority). In the past two years I’ve been told at least a dozen times that he would soon have left [but he is still here]. When have...

The grammar of the english verb phrase part 69

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the situation time of the subclause and the situation time of the head clause:. the situation time of the subclause is directly related to t 0 . 9.9.9 When the head clause contains just , the situation referred to is automat- ically recent. Because of this, temporal subordination is less likely in the sub- clause. because he wants the subclause...

The grammar of the english verb phrase part 70

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“We’ve gone back and forth on this and]. “But at the end of the day, I looked at the overall perspective and all the consolidations that are going on. [“Prime Minister, you’ve been arguing against these cuts for many months now.. “I guess I came to the conclusion a week or so ago after a lot of thought and listening...

The grammar of the english verb phrase part 71

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For a couple of days it’s been public knowledge that the general manager is going to Peru at the end of the month.. The fear has been that the introduction of the passes will further dissuade French film-goers from going to small cinemas. It was noted in 9.11.1 that a pre-present domain established by a ‘continuative perfect’ cannot normally be...

The grammar of the english verb phrase part 72

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forms express T-posteriority to the central orientation time or to another pseudo-t 0 and therefore function as pseudo-t 0 ’s themselves.. (The present tense T-locates the situation of making a mistake simultaneous with the situation of telling. The present tense is used because the situation time of will tell is treated as a pseudo-t 0. (The future tense of will...