Có 40+ tài liệu thuộc chủ đề "luận án kinh tế"
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Time preference manifests itself in the phenomenon of originary interest, i.e., the discount of future goods as against present goods.. The prices of consumers’ goods are by the interplay of the forces operation on the market apportioned to the various complementary factors cooperating in their production. As the consumers’ goods are present goods, while the factors of production are means...
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It has been pointed out already that in the imaginary construction of the evenly rotating economy the rate of originary interest is uniform. The final state of the rate of originary interest to the establishment of which the system tends after the appearance of changes in the money relation, is no longer that final state toward which it had tended...
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The labor of the classes 1, 2, 3 is expended because the disutility of labor in itself—and not its product—satisfies. People do not submit to the disutility of labor for the sake of the joy which accompanies the labor, but for the sake of its mediate gratification. In fact the joy of labor presupposes for the most part the disutility...
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there is no doubt that the method of the subjective-value theory is far superior.. Yet the renown of the rent theory is well deserved. There is no reason for the history of economic thought to feel ashamed of the rent theory. As far as Ricardo’s theory refers to the gradation in the valuation and appraisement of pieces of land, it...
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C ATALLACTICS, the theory of the market economy, is not a system of theorems valid only under ideal and unrealizable conditions and applica- ble to reality merely with essential restrictions and modifications. All the theorems of catallactics are rigidly and without any exception valid for all phenomena of the market economy, provided the particular conditions which they presuppose are present....
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It was the quintessence of the doctrines of Mercantilism, old and new. The doctor’s gain is not an outcome of the epidemics, but of the aid he hives to those affected. future events and in adjusting their activities to the future state of the market, reap profits because they are in a position to satisfy the most urgent needs of...
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The Historical Origin of the Socialist Idea. W HEN the social philosophers of the eighteenth century laid the foundations of praxeology and economics, they were confronted with an almost universally accepted and uncontested distinction between the petty selfish indi- viduals and the state, the representative of the interests of the whole society.. However, at that time the deification process which...
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Each of them offers, from the point of view of the director, certain advantages and disadvantages with regard to the utilization of the future building, and results in a different duration of the building’s serviceableness. Imagine the plight of the director when faced with a project. What he heeds to know is whether or not the execution of the project...
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P RIVATE ownership of the means of production (market economy or capital- ism) and public ownership of the means of production (socialism or com- munism or “planning”) can be neatly distinguished. They are subject to the law of the market and have the opportunity of resorting to economic calculation. If one considers the idea of placing by the side of...
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Under a liberal system of government these expenditures are small compared with the sum of the individuals’ incomes. A neutral mode of taxation is conceivable that would not divert the operation of the market from the lines in which it would develop in the absence of any taxation. However, the vast literature on problems of taxation as well as the...
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Each authoritarian interference with business diverts production, of course, from the lines it would take if it were only directed by the demand of the consumers as manifested on the market. But this again, in the case of the restrictive measures we are dealing with in this chapter, is not the primary end the authority aims at.. The authority thus...
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The Government and the Autonomy of the Market. I NTERFERENCE with the structure of the market means that the authority aims at fixing prices for commodities and services and interest rates at a height different from what the unhampered market would have determined. The maximum price is designed to make it possible for the buyer to procure what he wants...
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If both parties discharge their mutual obliga- tions instantly and synchronously, as a rule no conflicts arise which would induce one of the parties to apply to the judiciary. obligations are temporally deferred, it may happen that the courts are called to decide how the terms of the contract are to be complied with. A thing becomes money only by...
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The yield of production activities is considered a given magnitude independent of the merely accidental arrangements of society’s social order. The task of the government is seen as the “fair” distribution of this national income among the various members of society.. When this process comes to an end and its fruits ripen, a second social process, that of distribution of...
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Labor unions, it implies, should not waste their strength in the task of improving the conditions of wage earners within the frame of capitalism. They should never cease to fight—in the genuine sense of the term—for their ultimate goal, socialism. The proletarians must not let themselves be fooled by the catchwords of the bourgeoisie, such as liberty, democracy, representative government....
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The idea that a treaty could settle the conflict and make it possible for both parties to live in peaceful neighborly conditions was not present in the minds of the fighters.. They too aimed first of all at the utmost expansion of the size of their realms. The selfishness of the vassals who insisted on their rights checked the king’s...
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They blame the market economy for the consequences of the very anticapitalistic policies which they themselves advocate as necessary and beneficial re- forms. It is a system that grants privileges to a minority, an upper class of rich people, at the expense of the immense majority. It turns into a colorless paraphrase of the fundamental category of human action, viz.,...
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T HE interventionist policies as practiced for many decades by all gov- ernments of the capitalistic West have brought about all those effects which the economists predicted. There are wars and civil wars, ruthless oppression of the masses by clusters of self-appointed dictators, economic depressions, mass unemployment, capital consumption, famines.. However, it is not these catastrophic events which have led...
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W HAT assigns economics its peculiar and unique position in the orbit both of pure knowledge and of the practical utilization of knowledge is the fact that its particular theorems are not open to any verification or falsification on the ground of experience. But such experience is always still historical experience, i.e., the experience of complex phenomena.. But these effects...
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The seat of experimentation today is in the huge laboratories supported by governments, universities, endowments, and big business. As far as the progress of scientific theories is concerned, the achievements of the rank-and-file researcher are only ancillary.. Ignoring the radical epistemological difference between the natural sci- ences and the sciences of human action, people believe that what is needed to...